Maritime Cybersecurity A Guide for Leaders and Managers Second Edition by Gary C. Kessler & Steven D. Shepard

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This Web page is devoted to providing updated or additional information with which to supplement Maritime Cybersecurity: A Guide for Leaders and Managers.

• References
• Ancillary Material
• About the Authors and the Book

Page last updated: 05 February 2023

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References

This section contains all references for the book plus additional resources. Preface Chapter 1. The Maritime Transportation System (MTS) Chapter 2. Cybersecurity Basics Chapter 3. Case Studies: Cyber Attacks on the Maritime Sector Chapter 4. Ports and Cybersecurity Chapter 5. Shipboard Communication Systems Chapter 6. Navigation Systems Chapter 7. Operational Technology and Autonomous Systems Chapter 8. Strategies for Maritime Cyberdefense Chapter 9. Concluding Thoughts

Preface

• CEOs and CISOs Disagree on Cyber Strategies. (2020, May 20). Help Net Security. https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2020/05/20/ceos-cisos-disparities/
• Cimpanu, C. (2018, December 12). Ships Infected With Ransomware, USB Malware, Worms. ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/ships-infected-with-ransomware-usb-malware-worms/
• Cook, K.S., & Nichols, D.L. (2017). Cyber Seaworthiness: A Call to Action. In DiRenzo III, J., Drumhiller, N.K., & Roberts, F.S. (Eds.) (2017). Issues in Maritime Cyber Security, pp. 81-85. Washington, D.C.: Westphalia Press.
• DiRenzo III, J., Drumhiller, N.K., & Roberts, F.S. (Eds.) (2017). Issues in Maritime Cyber Security. Washington, D.C.: Westphalia Press.
• Manyara, S. (2022, January 6). Rising Cyber Exposure in Asia Maritime Shipping. The Asset. https://www.theasset.com/viewpoint/45794/rising-cyber-exposure-in-asia-maritime-shipping
• Maritime Cyber Attacks Increase 900%. (2020, July 20). MarineLink. https://www.marinelink.com/news/maritime-cyber-attacks-increase-480311
• Marsh & Microsoft. (2019, September). 2019 Global Cyber Risk Perception Survey. https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Marsh-Microsoft-2019-Global-Cyber-Risk-Perception-Survey.pdf
• Rundle, J. (2019, July 26). Coast Guard Details February Cyberattack on Ship. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/coast-guard-details-february-cyberattack-on-ship-11564133401
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). (n.d.). Maritime Cyber Readiness Branch. https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/CGCYBER/Maritime-Cyber-Readiness-Branch/
• Waterman, S. (2019, March 28). Coast Guard 'Cyber Boarding' Shows Online Risks to Maritime Sector. Homeland Security Today. https://www.hstoday.us/federal-pages/dhs/uscg/coast-guard-cyber-boarding-shows-online-risks-to-maritime-sector/
• Zheng, T.X. (2022, August 18). Bracing for the Rising Tide of Cyber Threats Against the Maritime Industry. Seatrade Maritime News. https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/opinions-analysis/bracing-rising-tide-cyber-threats-against-maritime-industry

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Chapter 1. The Maritime Transportation System (MTS)

• Akpan, F., Bendiab, G., Shiaeles, S., Karamperidis, S., & Michaloliakos, M. (2022,March 7). Cybersecurity Challenges in the Maritime Sector. Network, 2(1), 123-138. DOI: 10.3390/network2010009
• Alderson, D.L., Funk, D., & Gera, R. (2020, December). Analysis of the Global Maritime Transportation System as a Layered Network. Journal of Transportation Security, 13, 291–325. DOI: 10.1007/s12198-019-00204-z
• Bebbington, T. (2021, August 6). Cyberattack or Coincidence? Seatrade Maritime News. https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/regulation/less-25-bulkers-and-tankers-will-attain-eexi-compliance
• Cohen, J. (2021). Where Zeros and Ones Sink Ships - Cyber Warfare Enters the Naval Battlespace. Naval Forces, 42(5), 49-51.
• Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). (2020, March 24). Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). https://www.cisa.gov/critical-infrastructure-sectors
• Daum, O. (2019, January). Cyber Security in the Maritime Sector. Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, 50(1), 1-19.
• Foote, R. (2017) Cybersecurity in the Marine Transportation Sector: Protecting Intellectual Property to Keep Our Ports, Facilities, and Vessels Safe from Cyber Threats. Cybaris, 8(2), article 3. https://open.mitchellhamline.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1073&context=cybaris
• Jakobsen, E.W., Haugland, L.M., Abrahamoglu, S., Osman, M.S., Sewraz, D., & Dineshkar, B. (2022, January). The Leading Maritime Cities of the World 2022. Menon Economics and DNV. https://www.menon.no/wp-content/uploads/Leading-Maritime-Cities-of-the-world-2022-Final-report-12-Jan.pdf
• Kessler, G.C. (2019, Spring). Cybersecurity in the Maritime Domain. Proceedings of the USCG Marine Safety & Security Council, 76(1), 34-39. https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/DCO%20Documents/Proceedings%20Magazine/Archive/2019/Vol76_No1_Spring2019.pdf
• Kiln. (n.d.). Ship Map. https://www.shipmap.org/
• Mansouri, M., Gorod, A., Wakeman, T.H., & Sauser, B. (2009). A Systems Approach to Governance in Maritime Transportation System of Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering (SoSE). May 30 - June 3, Albuquerque, NM.
• Oruç, A. (2020, October 5). Claims of State-Sponsored Cyberattack in the Maritime Industry. Proceedings of the International Naval Engineering Conference and Exhibition (INEC 2020). DOI: 10.24868/issn.2515-818X.2020.021
• Shipowner.io. (2018). The World's First Distributed Ledger Platform Focused on Maritime Assets & Services. White Paper. https://shipowner.io/whitepaper
• United Nations. (2019). Fact Sheet #13: World Seaborne Trade. U.N. Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). https://unctad.org/en/PublicationChapters/tdstat44_FS13_en.pdf
• United Nations. (2019). Fact Sheet #14: Merchant Fleet. U.N. Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). https://unctad.org/en/PublicationChapters/tdstat44_FS13_en.pdf
• United Nations. (2019). Fact Sheet #15: Maritime Transport Indicators. U.N. Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). https://unctad.org/en/PublicationChapters/tdstat44_FS13_en.pdf
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). (2018, October). Maritime Commerce Strategic Outlook. https://media.defense.gov/2018/Oct/05/2002049100/-1/-1/1/USCG%20MARITIME%20COMMERCE%20STRATEGIC%20OUTLOOK-RELEASABLE.PDF
• Visky, G., Lavrenovs, A., Orye, E., Heering, D., Tam, K., & Maennel, O.M. (2022, March). Multi-Purpose Cyber Environment for Maritime Sector. International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, 17(1). DOI: 10.34190/iccws.17.1.26
• Weaver, G.A., Feddersen, B., Marla, L., Wei, D., Rose, A., & Van Moera, M. (2022, April). Estimating Economic Losses From Cyber-attacks on Shipping Ports: An Optimization-based Approach. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 137. DOI: 10.1016/j.trc.2021.103423

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Chapter 2. Cybersecurity Basics

• Barker, W.C., Scarfone, K., Fisher, W., & Souppaya, M. (2021, June). Cybersecurity Framework Profile for Ransomware Risk Management. Preliminary Draft National Institute of Standards and Technology Interagency or Internal Report (NISTIR) 8374, U.S. Department of Commerce. https://csrc.nist.gov/CSRC/media/Publications/nistir/draft/documents/NIST.IR.8374-preliminary-draft.pdf
• Barsky, N. (2021, August 31). The SEC Exposed Cybersecurity's Fatal Flaw - Executive Resistance To Bad News. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/noahbarsky/2021/08/31/the-sec-exposed-cybersecuritys-fatal-flaw---executive-resistance-to-bad-news/?sh=37c8b2922339
• Biddle, S. (2016, August 19). The NSA Leak is Real, Snowden Documents Confirm. The Intercept. https://theintercept.com/2016/08/19/the-nsa-was-hacked-snowden-documents-confirm/
• Bracken, B. (2021, November 30). Lloyd's Carves Out Cyber-Insurance Exclusions for State-Sponsored Attacks. threatpost. https://threatpost.com/lloyds-cyber-insurance-exclusions/176669/
• Brenner, B. (2017, May 16). WannaCry: The Ransomware Worm That Didn't Arrive on a Phishing Hook. Naked Security. https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2017/05/17/wannacry-the-ransomware-worm-that-didnt-arrive-on-a-phishing-hook/
• Caltagirone, S., Pendergast, A., & Betz, C. (2013, May 7). The Diamond Model of Intrusion Analysis. Technical Report, U.S. Department of Defense. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA586960.pdf
• Chambers, S. (2020, June 5). Number of Shipping Cyber Attacks Leaps 400% Since February. Splash247.com. https://splash247.com/number-of-shipping-cyber-attacks-leaps-400-since-february/
• Cimpanu, C. (2020, August 2). Google: Eleven Zero-Days Detected in the Wild in the First Half of 2020. ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-eleven-zero-days-detected-in-the-wild-in-the-first-half-of-2020/
• Cisco Systems. (n.d.). What is an Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)? https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/security/advanced-persistent-threat.html
• Cisco Systems. (n.d.). What is Malware? https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/security/advanced-malware-protection/what-is-malware.html
• Coker, J. (2021, August 9). Average Ransomware Demands Surge by 518% in 2021. Information Security Magazine. https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/ransomware-demands-surge-2021/
• Collier, K. (2019, May 10). Crippling Ransomware Attacks Targeting US Cities on the Rise. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/10/politics/ransomware-attacks-us-cities/index.html
• Cook, S. (2020, June 15). 2018-2020 Ransomware Statistics and Facts. Comparitech. https://www.comparitech.com/antivirus/ransomware-statistics/
• Cox, J. (2019, September 30). Legit-Looking iPhone Lightning Cables That Hack You Will be Mass Produced and Sold. Motherboard Tech by Vice. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/3kx5nk/fake-apple-lightning-cable-hacks-your-computer-omg-cable-mass-produced-sold
• Crawley, K. (2019, June 24). An Overview on Insider Attacks and Threat Awareness. AT&T Business. https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/security-essentials/insider-threats
• Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). (2021, December 23). Alert (AA21-356A): Mitigating Log4Shell and Other Log4j-Related Vulnerabilities. U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa21-356a
• Ebert, C., Rekik, Y., & Karade, R. (2020, March-April). Security Test. IEEE Software, 37(2), 13-20. DOI: 10.1109/MS.2019.2958354
• Epsco-Ra Introduces New Cybersecurity Assessment Method. (2021, April 22). Digital Ship. https://thedigitalship.com/news/maritime-satellite-communications/item/7261-epsco-ra-introduces-new-cybersecurity-assessment-method
• Farrell, H. (2017, April 15). Hackers Have Just Dumped a Treasure Trove of NSA Data. Here's What it Means. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/04/15/shadowy-hackers-have-just-dumped-a-treasure-trove-of-nsa-data-heres-what-it-means/
• FireEye. (n.d.). What is a Zero-Day Exploit? https://www.fireeye.com/current-threats/what-is-a-zero-day-exploit.html
• Gatlan, S. (2021, June 30). CISA Releases New Ransomware Self-Assessment Security Audit Tool. BleepingComputer. https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/cisa-releases-new-ransomware-self-assessment-security-audit-tool/
• Johnston, R.G. (2020, July). Security Maxims. Right Brain Sekurity. http://rbsekurity.com/Papers/Johnston_Security_Maxims.pdf
• Kim, D. & Solomon, M.G. (2018). Fundamentals of Information Systems Security, 3rd. ed. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
• Krebs, B. (2021, October 26). FBI Raids Chinese Point-of-Sale Giant PAX Technology. Krebs on Security. https://krebsonsecurity.com/2021/10/fbi-raids-chinese-point-of-sale-giant-pax-technology/
• Křoustek, J. (2017, May 12). WannaCry Ransomware That Infected Telefonica and NHS Hospitals is Spreading Aggressively, With Over 50,000 Attacks So Far Today. Avast Blog. https://blog.avast.com/ransomware-that-infected-telefonica-and-nhs-hospitals-is-spreading-aggressively-with-over-50000-attacks-so-far-today
• Kuhn, K. (2017, May-December). Cyber Risk Management in the Maritime Transportation System. Proceedings of the USCG Marine Safety & Security Council, 74(2), 65-69. https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/DCO%20Documents/Proceedings%20Magazine/Archive/2017/Vol74_No2_May-Dec2017.pdf?ver=2018-01-23-080144-327
• Lakshmanan, R. (2021, December 18). New Local Attack Vector Expands the Attack Surface of Log4j Vulnerability. The Hacker News. https://thehackernews.com/2021/12/new-local-attack-vector-expands-attack.html
• Mactavish, A. (2020, August 7). Cyber-Crime — A Continuing Concern. Seatrade Maritime News. https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/opinions-analysis/cyber-crime-continuing-concern
• Maloney, S. (2018, January 9). What is an Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)? Cybereason. https://www.cybereason.com/blog/advanced-persistent-threat-apt
• Malwarebytes. (n.d.). Malware. https://www.malwarebytes.com/malware/
• Mandiant. (2013, February 18). APT1: Exposing One of China's Espionage Units. https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf
• Mc Mahon, C. (2020, July 10). In Defence of the Human Factor. Frontiers of Psychology. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01390
• Meland, P.H., Nesheim, D.A., Bernsmed, K., & Sindre, G. (2022, February). Assessing Cyber Threats for Storyless Systems. Journal of Information Security and Applications, 64, article 103050. DOI: 10.1016/j.jisa.2021.103050
• Meskauskas, T. (2021, November 19). CoinTicker Trojan (Mac). PCrisk. https://www.pcrisk.com/removal-guides/13951-cointicker-trojan-mac
• Microsoft. (n.d.). Support for Windows 7 Has Ended. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/windows-7-end-of-life-support-information
• Microsoft. (n.d.). Support for Windows XP Ended. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/windows/end-of-windows-xp-support
• Multi-State Information Sharing and Analysis Center (MS-ISAC). (2020, September). Ransomware Guide. Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/CISA_MS-ISAC_Ransomware%20Guide_S508C.pdf
• Newman, L.H. (2017, May 12). The Ransomware Meltdown Experts Warned About is Here. WIRED. https://www.wired.com/2017/05/ransomware-meltdown-experts-warned/
• Newman, L.H. (2021, December 18). 'The Internet Is on Fire.' WIRED. https://www.wired.com/story/log4j-flaw-hacking-internet/
• Norton, Q. (2014, May 20). Everything is Broken. The Message. https://medium.com/message/everything-is-broken-81e5f33a24e1#.sc7pf19g3
• Palmer, D. (2021, April 23). Ransomware's Perfect Target: Why One Industry Needs to Improve Cybersecurity, Before It's Too Late. ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/ransomwares-perfect-target-why-one-industry-needs-to-improve-cybersecurity-before-its-too-late/
• Parker, D.B. (2015). Toward a New Framework for Information Security? In S. Bosworth, M.E. Kabay, & E. Whyne (Eds.), Computer Security Handbook, 6th ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Petersen, R., Santos, D., Wetzel, K.A., Smith, M.C., & Witte, G. (2020, November). Workforce Framework for Cybersecurity (NICE Framework), Revision 1. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication (SP) 800-181, U.S. Department of Commerce. DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-181r1
• Popa, B. (2017, November 7). Chinese Keyboard Maker Caught Tracking Typed Keys on CustomerÕs Computers. Softpedia News. https://news.softpedia.com/news/chinese-keyboard-maker-caught-tracking-types-keys-on-customer-s-computers-518423.shtml
• Progoulakis, I., Nikitakos, N., Rohmeyer, P., Bunin, B., Dalaklis, D., & Karamperidis, S. (2021, January 22). Perspectives on Cyber Security for Offshore Oil and Gas Assets. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(2), 112. DOI: 10.3390/jmse9020112
• Radware. (2017, March 13). History of DDoS Attacks. https://security.radware.com/ddos-knowledge-center/ddos-chronicles/ddos-attacks-history/
• Ramzan, Z. (2010). Phishing Attacks and Countermeasures. In M. Stamp & P. Stavroulakis (Eds.), Handbook of Information and Communication Security, Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
• Ranka, D. (2013, September 5). Inside Dalai Lama Website Attacks: Analyzing the 'Watering Hole Attacks.' Network Intelligence. https://niiconsulting.com/checkmate/2013/09/inside-dalai-lama-website-attacks-analyzing-watering-hole-attacks/
• Rose, S. (2021, August 4). Planning for a Zero Trust Architecture: A Starting Guide for Administrators. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) DRAFT White Paper, U.S. Department of Commerce. DOI: 10.6028/NIST.CSWP.08042021-draft
• Rose, S., Borchert, O., Mitchell, S., & Connelly, S. (2020, August). Zero Trust Architecture. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication (SP) 800-207, U.S. Department of Commerce. DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-207
• Ross, R., Pillitteri, V., Dempsey, K., Riddle, M., & Guissanie, G. (2020, February). Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information in Nonfederal Systems and Organizations, Revision 2. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication (SP) 800-171, U.S. Department of Commerce. DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-171r2
• Stewart, K.C., & Hoover, A. (2020, March 30). An Introduction to the Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification. Software Engineering Institute blog, Carnegie Mellon University. https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/blog/an-introduction-to-the-cybersecurity-maturity-model-certification-cmmc/
• Svilicic, B. , Kamahara, J., Rooks, M., & Yano, Y. (2019, September). Maritime Cyber Risk Management: An Experimental Ship Assessment. The Journal of Navigation, 72(5), 1108-1120. DOI: 10.1017/S0373463318001157
• Symantec Security Response. (2012, December 31). Internet Explorer Zero-Day Used in Watering Hole Attack: Q&A. Symantec Official Blog. https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/internet-explorer-zero-day-used-watering-hole-attack-qa
• Tam, K., Forshaw, K., & Jones, K. (2022, August 18). Method and System for Dynamically Assessing Current Risk Associated With a Maritime Activity. United States Patent Application 20220261483. https://www.freepatentsonline.com/20220261483.pdf
• Tam, K., & Jones, K. (2019, January 28). MaCRA: A Model-based Framework for Maritime Cyber-risk Assessment. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 18, 129-163. DOI: 10.1007/s13437-019-00162-2
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• U.S. Department of Justice, Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), National Security Agency (NSA), Australian Cyber Security Centre, & U.K. National Cyber Security Centre. (2022, February 9). 2021 Trends Show Increased Globalized Threat of Ransomware. Joint Cybersecurity Advisory, Prodcut ID: AA22-040A. https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa22-040a
• U.S. Department of Justice, National Security Agency (NSA), and Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). (2022, February 16). Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Target Cleared Defense Contractor Networks to Obtain Sensitive U.S. Technology. Joint Cybersecurity Advisory, Prodcut ID: AA22-047A; TLP:WHITE. https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa22-047a
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• Zetter, K. (2014). Countdown to Zero Day: Stuxnet and the Launch of the World's First Digital Weapon. New York: Crown.

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Chapter 3. Case Studies: Cyber Attacks on the Maritime Sector

• Abrams, L. (2018, August 28). Beware of Fake "Shipping Docs" Malspam Pushing the DarkComet RAT. Bleeping Computer. https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/beware-of-fake-shipping-docs-malspam-pushing-the-darkcomet-rat/
• Australian Shipbuilder Austal Hit by Cyber Attack, Extortion Attempt. (2018, November 2). NavalToday.com. https://www.navaltoday.com/2018/11/02/australian-shipbuilder-austal-hit-by-cyber-attack-extortion-attempt/
• Bank of England. (2022, January). General Insurance Stress Test 2022: Scenario Specification, Guidelines and Instructions (DRAFT). Prudential Regulation Authority. https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/prudential-regulation/letter/2022/january/general-insurance-stress-test-2022-instructions.pdf
• Bankes-Hughes, L. (2015, August 27). Global: Limassol-based Shipping Company Victim of Cyber Fraud. Bunkerspot. https://www.bunkerspot.com/latest-news/40447-global-limassol-based-shipping-company-victim-of-cyber-fraud
• Birkett, H. (2015, August 27). Hackers Steal $644,000 From a Cyprus Shipping Company. Splash247.com. https://splash247.com/hackers-steal-644000-from-a-cyprus-shipping-company/
• Bogle, A. (2018, March 15). Svitzer Employee Details Stolen in Data Breach Affecting Almost Half of its Australian Employees. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-03-15/sensitive-data-stolen-from-global-shipping-company-svitzer/9552600
• Burgess, J. (2013, April 30). Offshore Drill Rigs at Threat From Computer Viruses. Oilprice.com. https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Offshore-Drill-Rigs-at-Threat-from-Computer-Viruses.html
• Chambers, S. (2020, April 10). MSC Website Down, Carrier Admits it Might Have Been Hit by Malware. Splash247.com. https://splash247.com/msc-website-down-carrier-admits-it-might-have-been-hit-by-malware/
• Chesney, R. (2021, August 25). SolarWinds and the Holiday Bear Campaign: A Case Study for the Classroom. LAWFARE. https://www.lawfareblog.com/solarwinds-and-holiday-bear-campaign-case-study-classroom
• Chevron Says Hit by Stuxnet Virus in 2010. (2012, November 9). Phys.org. https://phys.org/news/2012-11-chevron-stuxnet-virus.html
• Chinese hackers target dozens of universities in a bid to steal maritime military secrets. (2019, March 6). Cyware Hacker News. https://cyware.com/news/chinese-hackers-target-dozens-of-universities-in-a-bid-to-steal-maritime-military-secrets-2e8f4fd9
• Cimpanu, C. (2018, December 12). Ships Infected with Ransomware, USB Malware, Worms. ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/ships-infected-with-ransomware-usb-malware-worms/
• Court Backs World Fuel Services Following $17M Bunker Theft. (2016, June 9). Ship & Bunker. https://shipandbunker.com/news/world/340232-court-backs-world-fuel-services-following-17-million-bunker-theft
• Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). (2020, January 2). Alert (AA19-339A): Dridex Malware. U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/ aa19-339a
• Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). (2020, January 23). Alert (TA18-201A): Emotet Malware. U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-201A
• Dapena, K., & Moriarty, D. (2021, March 31). America's Imports Are Stuck on Ships Floating Just Off Los Angeles. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/americas-imports-are-stuck-on-ships-floating-just-off-los-angeles-11617183002
• Egozi, A. (2021, October 5). US Presses Israel On Haifa Port Amid China Espionage Concerns: Sources. Breaking Defense. https://breakingdefense.com/2021/10/us-presses-israel-on-haifa-port-amid-china-espionage-concerns-sources/
• Escobar, M.C. (2020, March 4). Carnival Corp. Announces Data Breach Affecting Two of its Cruise Lines. Hospitality Technology. https://hospitalitytech.com/carnival-corp-announces-data-breach-affecting-two-its-cruise-lines
• Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). (n.d.). Intellectual Property Theft/Piracy. FBI Web site. https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/white-collar-crime/piracy-ip-theft
• Field, M. (2018, October 11). WannaCry Cyber Attack Cost the NHS £92M as 19,000 Appointments Cancelled. The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2018/10/11/wannacry-cyber-attack-cost-nhs-92m-19000-appointments-cancelled/
• Garmin-owned Navigation Company Accidently Exposed Data of Thousands of Boat Owners. (2018, October 9). Cyware Hacker News. https://cyware.com/news/garmin-owned-navigation-company-accidentally-exposed-data-of-thousands-of-boat-owners-f4709e17
• Ghosh, A. (2017, May 16). WannaCry: List of Major Companies and Networks Hit by Ransomware Around the Globe. International Business Times. https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/wannacry-list-major-companies-networks-hit-by-deadly-ransomware-around-globe-1621587
• Greenberg, A. (2018, August 22). The Untold Story of NotPetya, the Most Devastating Cyberattack in History. WIRED. https://www.wired.com/story/notpetya-cyberattack-ukraine-russia-code-crashed-the-world/
• Greenberg, A. (2019). SANDWORM. New York: Doubleday.
• Hamill-Stewart, J., & Sallay, A. (ed.). (2022, December 19). Hackers Have Found a New Incentive to Target Shipping. The Maritime Executive. https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/hackers-have-found-a-financial-incentive-to-target-shipping
• Harrington, K. (2013, March 7). Malware Infects Gulf of Mexico Offshore Rigs. ChEnected. https://www.aiche.org/chenected/2013/03/malware-infects-gulf-mexico-offshore-rigs
• Herr, T., Loomis, W., Schroeder, E., Scott, S., Handler, S., & Zuo, T. (2021, March). Broken Trust: Lessons from Sunburst. Cyber Statecraft Initiative, Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security, Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/BROKEN-TRUST.pdf
• Hochfelder, B. (2018, April 30). Cyber Pirates: The Latest Treat to Ocean Shipping. Supply Chain Dive. https://www.supplychaindive.com/news/ocean-shipping-carriers-cyber-risk/522417/
• Holt, S.M. (2022, November 20). Cyber Pirates. The Maritime Executive. https://www.maritime-executive.com/magazine/cyper-pirates
• Hsieh, L. (2015, September 8). Drilling Cybersecurity. Drilling Contractor. https://www.drillingcontractor.org/drilling-cybersecurity-36727
• International Maritime Organization (IMO). (n.d.). AIS Transponders. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Pages/AIS.aspx
• INTERTANKO. (2019). Jamming and Spoofing of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). https://www.maritimeglobalsecurity.org/media/1043/2019-jamming-spoofing-of-gnss.pdf
• Jones, K.D., Tam, K., & Papadaki, M. (2016). Threat and Impacts in Maritime Cyber Security. Engineering & Technology Reference. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kevin_Jones62/publication/304263412_Threats_and_Impacts_in_Maritime _Cyber_Security/links/5a38e96caca272a6ec1f10a9/Threats-and-Impacts-in-Maritime-Cyber-Security.pdf
• Keller, J. (2019, March 13). U.S. Navy Under Cyber Attack From Chinese Hackers and Hemorrhaging National-Security Secrets. Military & Aerospace Electronics. https://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/pt/2019/03/cyber-attack-navy-chinese-hackers.html
• Kovacs, E. (2018, July 26). Shipping Giant COSCO Hit by Ransomware. SecurityWeek. https://www.securityweek.com/shipping-giant-cosco-hit-ransomware
• Krebs, B. (2017, March 8). WikiLeaks Dumps Docs on CIA's Hacking Tools. Krebs on Security. https://krebsonsecurity.com/2017/03/wikileaks-dumps-docs-on-cias-hacking-tools/
• Kynge, J., Campbell, C., Kazmin, A., & Bokhari, F. (2017, January 12). How China Rules The Waves. Financial Times. https://ig.ft.com/sites/china-ports/
• Lazenby, H. (2015, February 2). Nautilus Minerals Falls Victim to Cyber Scam, Prepays $10M Into Wrong Account. Mining Weekly. http://www.miningweekly.com/article/nautilus-minerals-the-victim-of-a-cyber-scam-prepays-10m-to-wrong-account-2015-02-02
• Lillis, K.B., Bertrand, N., & Atwood, K. (2021, November 19). Construction Halted on Secret Project at Chinese Port in UAE After Pressure From US, Officials Say. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/19/politics/china-uae-us-construction-port/index.html
• Malaysian Bunker Company Loses More Than $1 Million in Email Scam. (2017, June 12). Asia/Pacific News. https://shipandbunker.com/news/apac/509648-malaysian-bunker-company-loses-more-than-1-million-in-email-scam
• MalwareTech. (2017, May 13). How to Accidently Stop a Global Cyber Attacks. MalwareTech Blog. https://www.malwaretech.com/2017/05/how-to-accidentally-stop-a-global-cyber-attacks.html
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• Microsoft. (2017, March 14). Microsoft Security Bulletin MS17-010 - Critical: Security Update for Microsoft Windows SMB Server (4013389). https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/SecurityBulletins/2017/ms17-010
• Microsoft. (2018, August 3). Trojan:Win32/EternalBlue. Microsoft Security Intelligence. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/threats/malware-encyclopedia-description?Name=Trojan:Win32/EternalBlue&ThreatID=-2147239042
• Munro, K. (2018, January 9). Hacking Maritime IFTFCC Messaging for Invoice Fraud. Pen Test Partners. https://www.pentestpartners.com/security-blog/hacking-maritime-iftfcc-messaging-for-invoice-fraud/
• Newman, N. (2019, April 18). Cyber Pirates Terrorising the High Seas. Engineering and Technology. https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2019/04/cyber-pirates-terrorising-the-high-seas/
• Olenick, D. (2018, October 9). Navionics' Misconfigured MongoDB Server Exposes 260,000 Records. SC Magazine. https://www.scmagazine.com/home/news/navionics-misconfigured-mongodb-server-exposes-260000-records/
• Palmer, D. (2017, August 16). Petya Ransomware: Cyberattack Costs Cold Hit $300M for Shipping Giant Maersk. ZDNet. http://www.zdnet.com/article/petya-ransomware-cyber-attack-costs-could-hit-300m-for-shipping-giant-maersk/
• Pham, S. (2018, March 23). How Much has the US Lost From China's IP Theft? CNN Business. https://money.cnn.com/2018/03/23/technology/china-us-trump-tariffs-ip-theft/index.html
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• Rajamanickam, V. (2018, July 27). COSCO's Cyber Attack and the Importance of Maritime Cybersecurity. American Shipper. https://www.freightwaves.com/news/technology/coscos-cyber-attack-and-the-importance-of-maritime-cybersecurity
• Rüegamer, A., & Kowalewski, D. (2015). Jamming and Spoofing of GNSS Signals - An Underestimated Risk?! FIG Working Week 2015: From the Wisdom of the Ages to the Challenges of the Modern World, Sofia, Bulgaria, 17-21 May 2015. https://fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/fig2015/papers/ts05g/TS05G_ruegamer_kowalewski_7486.pdf
• Scimia, E. (2019, June 2). China-Operated Ports Raise Security Fears for US, NATO. Asia Times. https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/06/article/are-chinese-operated-ports-a-security-risk-for-us-nato/
• Scroxton, A. (2020, August 18). Carnival Cruise Lines Hit by Ransomware, Customer Data Stolen. ComputerWeekly.com. https://www.computerweekly.com/news/252487779/Carnival-cruise-lines-hit-by-ransomware-customer-data-stolen
• Shen, C., & Baker, J. (2020, September 28). CMA CGM Confirms Ransomware Attack. Lloyd's List Maritime Intelligence. https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/LL1134044/CMA-CGM-confirms-ransomware-attack
• Simms, R. (2020, March 2). Cruise Line Hack Exposes Personal and Financial Data. Cruiseradio.net. https://cruiseradio.net/cruise-line-hack-exposes-personal-and-financial-data/
• Sonnemaker, T. (2020, August 3). Garmin Reportedly Paid Hackers a Multimillion Dollar Ransom to Recover Files After a Cyberattack That Left Their Services Offline for Several Days Last Month. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/garmin-paid-multimillion-dollar-ransom-to-hackers-report-2020-8
• Swinhoe, D. (2019, October 9). Rebuilding After NotPetya: How Maersk Moved Forward. CSO. https://www.csoonline.com/article/3444620/rebuilding-after-notpetya-how-maersk-moved-forward.html
• Targett, E. (2018, July 30). COSCO: Shipping Giant's IT Systems Recovered. Computer Business Review. https://www.cbronline.com/news/costco-online
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• Truong, K. (2020, July 28). The Garmin Ransomware Hack is Horrifying. Vice. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/5dzkd5/the-garmin-ransomware-hack-is-horrifying
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). (2020, September 30). Malicious Email Spoofing Incidents. Marine Safety Information Bulletin (MSIB 19-20). https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/DCO%20Documents/5p/MSIB/2020/USCG-MSIB-19-20-CYBER-SPOOFING.pdf
• Warren, T. (2017, May 31). Microsoft Issues "Highly Unusual" Windows XP Patch to Prevent Massive Ransomware Attack. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/13/15635006/microsoft-windows-xp-security-patch-wannacry-ransomware-attack
• Worthington, B. (2018, November 2). Explainers: Here's What You Need to Know About the Austal Cyber Attack and Extortion Attempt. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-02/austal-ship-cyber-attack-and-extortion-attempt-national-security/10458982
• Zetter, K. (2014). Countdown to Zero Day: Stuxnet and the Launch of the World's First Digital Weapon. New York: Crown.
• Zorabedian, J. (2016, March 7). Pirates Hacked Shipping Company to Steal Infor for Efficient Hijackings. Naked Security. https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2016/03/07/pirates-hacked-shipping-company-to-steal-info-for-efficient-hijackings/

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Chapter 4. Ports and Cybersecurity

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• Chambers, S. (2018, November 29). Iranians Behind San Diego Port Ransomware Attack. Splash247.com. https://splash247.com/iranians-behind-san-diego-port-ransomware-attack/
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• Corrigan, J. (2019, February 20). Supply Chain Attacks Spiked 78 Percent in 2018, Cyber Researchers Found. Nextgov. https://www.nextgov.com/cybersecurity/2019/02/supply-chain-attacks-spiked-78-percent-2018-cyber-researchers-found/154996/
• Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). (2018, March 16). Russian Government Cyber Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. National Cyber Awareness System Alert, TA18-074A. U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-074A
• Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). (2020, February). Port Facility Cybersecurity Risks. U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/port-facility-cybersecurity-risks-infographic_508.pdf
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• Drougkas, A., Sarri, A., Kyranoudi, P. (2020, December). CYBER RISK MANAGEMENT FOR PORTS: Guidelines for Cybersecurity in the Maritime Sector. ENISA. https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/guidelines-cyber-risk-management-for-ports/at_download/fullReport
• Drougkas, A., Sarri, A., Kyranoudi, P., & Zisi, A. (2019, November). Port Cybersecurity. European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA). https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/port-cybersecurity-good-practices-for-cybersecurity-in-the-maritime-sector/at_download/fullReport
• Elkins, L. (2019, November 5). The 6th Warfighting Domain. Over The Horizon. https://othjournal.com/2019/11/05/the-6th-warfighting-domain/
• Esage, A. (2018, September 26). Hacking Attack in Port of Barcelona. Information Security Newspaper. https://www.securitynewspaper.com/2018/09/26/hacking-attack-in-port-of-barcelona/
• Fredrickson, K. (2021, May 9). Marine Transportation System (MTS) Cyber Spotlight: Approaching deadlines for incorporating cyber into Facility Security Assessments (FSA) and Facility Security Plans (FSP). Coast Guard Maritime Commons. https://mariners.coastguard.blog/2021/05/09/marine-transportation-system-mts-cyber-spotlight/
• Hale, Z. (2018, March 13). Port of Longview Hit With Major Cyberattack. The Daily News. http://tdn.com/news/local/port-of-longview-hit-with-major-cyberattack/article_25102b63-d897-5cfd-b16b-ffec70545d1d.html
• International Association of Ports and Harbors (IAPH). (2021, July 2). Cybersecurity Guidelines for Ports and Port Facilities, v 1.0. https://sustainableworldports.org/wp-content/uploads/IAPH-Cybersecurity-Guidelines-version-1_0.pdf
• Holt, S.M. (2021, December 12). Is the Global Supply Chain the Next Big Cyber Target? The Maritime Executive. https://www.maritime-executive.com/magazine/is-the-global-supply-chain-the-next-big-cyber-target
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• ISRAEL: Water Command and Control Infrastructure Came Under Cyber-Attack. (2020, May 10). SyriacPress. https://syriacpress.com/blog/2020/05/10/israel-israeli-water-infrastructure-came-cyber-attacked/
• Joffre, T. (2020, May 11). Cyber Attack Targets Iranian Port Near Strait of Hormuz. The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/cyber-attack-targets-iranian-port-near-strait-of-hormuz-627616
• Kim, N., Herr, T., & Schneier, B. (2020, June). The Reverse Cascade: Enforcing Security on the Global IoT Supply Chain. Cyber Statecraft Initiative, Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security, Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Reverse-Cascade-Report-web.pdf
• Kochetkova, K. (2015, May 22). Maritime Industry is Easy Meat For Cyber Criminals. Kaspersky Daily. https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/maritime-cyber-security/8796/
• Konrad, J. (2022, July 24). Port Of LA Calls FBI After Cyber Attacks Double. gCaptain. https://gcaptain.com/port-of-la-calls-fbi-after-cyber-attacks-double/
• Kovacs, E. (2018, September 28). Port of San Diego Hit by Ransomware. SecurityWeek. https://www.securityweek.com/port-san-diego-hit-ransomware
• Kuhn, K., Kipkech, J., & Shaikh, S. (2021, June). Maritime Ports and Cybersecurity. In M. Fiorini & N. Gupta (eds.), ICT Solutions and Digitalisation in Ports and Shipping, Institution of Engineering and Technology, Chap. 2, pp. 37-68. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kristen-Kuhn-3/publication/353218415_Maritime_ports_and_cybersecurity/links/621f73d439529602315b02cd/Maritime-ports-and-cybersecurity.pdf
• Lampert, E. (2019, March 14). Port Security is so Much More Than Guns, Gates, and Guards. Riviera. https://www.rivieramm.com/news-content-hub/news-content-hub/port-security-is-so-much-more-than-guns-gates-and-guards-54177
• Liu, H., Tian, Z., Huang, A., & Yang, Z. (2018, January). Analysis of Vulnerabilities in Maritime Supply Chains. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 169, 475-484. DOI: 10.1016/j.ress.2017.09.018
• Loock, J. (2019, May 23). Singapore Opens Maritime Cybersecurity Operations Centre (MSOC). Maritime Security Review. http://www.marsecreview.com/2019/05/singapore-opens-maritime-cybersecurity-operations-centre-msoc/
• Maritime & Port Security Information Sharing & Analysis Organization (MPS-ISAO). (2017, September 27). W2 Social Engineering Incident Affecting U.S. Port. Tactical Intelligence Cyber Report TR-127-2017.
• Maritime & Port Security Information Sharing & Analysis Organization (MPS-ISAO). (2018, February 20). Imposter Phone Lure. Warning Report MPS-2018-002.
• Maritime & Port Security Information Sharing & Analysis Organization (MPS-ISAO). (2018, June 8). Successful Phish Leads to Secondary Attacks. Warning Report WR-18-0013.
• McNicholas, M.A. (Ed.) (2016). Maritime Security: An Introduction, 2/e. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
• Mims, C. (2021). Arriving Today: From Factory to Front Door — Why Everything Has Changed About How and What We Buy. New York: Harper Business.
• Moara-Nkwe, K., Tam, K., Hopcraft, R., & Jones, K. (2022, August). Simulation Modelling of Maritime Port Operations: Analysing the Impacts of Disruptions on Ports. Maritime Cyber Threats Research Group, University Of Plymouth. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362518077_Simulation_Modelling_of_Maritime_Port_Operations_Analysing_the_Impacts_of_Disruptions_on_Ports
• Mongelluzzo, B. (2019, April 26). Port of LA Enlists Industry to Fend Off Cyber Threats. Joc.com. https://www.joc.com/port-news/us-ports/port-los-angeles/port-la-enlists-industry-fend-cyber-threats_20190426.html
• Munro, K. (2018, September 21). Container Theft, the Legal System, and Poor Maritime Security. Pen Test Partners. https://www.pentestpartners.com/security-blog/container-theft-the-legal-system-and-poor-maritime-security/
• Pasternack, A. (2013, October 21). To Move Drugs, Traffickers Are Hacking Shipping Containers. Motherboard. https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/bmjgk8/how-traffickers-hack-shipping-containers-to-move-drugs
• Petta, M.C. (2021, September 29). Port Cybersecurity: Incorporating the IAPH's New Guidelines into the ISPS Code. Center for International Maritime Security (CIMSEC. target="x"> https://cimsec.org/incorporating-the-iaphs-new-cybersecurity-guidelines-into-the-international-ship-and-port-facility-security-code/
• Polemi, N. (2018). Port Cybersecurity: Securing Critical Information Infrastructures and Supply Chains. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
• Port Technology International Team. (2022, January 25). Port of Los Angeles Launches Cyber Resilience Center. Port Technology. https://www.porttechnology.org/news/port-of-los-angeles-launches-cyber-resilience-center/
• Rowsell, J. (2021, August 3). Supply Chain Cyber Attacks to 'Quadruple.' Supply Management. https://www.cips.org/supply-management/news/2021/august/supply-chain-cyber-attacks-to-quadruple/
• Ross, J.A.J., Walker, D.J., Tam, K., & Jones, K.D. (2022, June 1). Towards a Digital Twin of a Complex Maritime Site for Multi-Objective Optimization. University of Plymouth Pedagogic Research and Development Database. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/19279
• Tam, K., Hopcraft, R., Moara-Nkwe, K., Misas, J.P., Andrews, W., Harish, A.V., Giménez, P, Crichton, T., & Jones, K. (2021, December 6). Case Study of a Cyber-Physical Attack Affecting Port and Ship Operational Safety. Journal of Transportation Technologies, 12(1), 1-27. DOI: 10.4236/jtts.2022.121001
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). (n.d.). U.S. Coast Guard Maritime Security (MARSEC) Levels. https://www.uscg.mil/What-Is-MARSEC/
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). (2023, January). Maritime Cybersecurity Assessment and Annex Guide (MCAAG). USCG Office of Port & Facility Compliance - Cybersecurity and USCG Cyber Command - Maritime Cyber Readiness Branch. https://dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/CG-FAC/Documents/Maritime%20Cyber%20Assessment%20%20Annex%20Guide%20(MCAAG)_released%2023JAN2023.pdf?ver=NE11YUspj_kNa3xRoMd0TQ%3d%3d
• Warrick, J., & Nakashima, E. (2020, May 18). Officials: Israel Linked to a Disruptive Cyberattack on Iranian Port Facility. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/officials-israel-linked-to-a-disruptive-cyberattack-on-iranian-port-facility/2020/05/18/9d1da866-9942-11ea-89fd-28fb313d1886_story.html
• Watkins, E. (2019, April 26). Port of Los Angeles Moves to Counter Maritime Cyber Crime. Lloyd's List. https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/LL1127221/Port-of-Los-Angeles-moves-to-counter-maritime-cyber-crime
• Wingrove, M. (2020, November 23). Cyber Attack Shuts Down US Port Servers. https://www.rivieramm.com/news-content-hub/news-content-hub/cyber-attack-shuts-down-us-port-servers-61955

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Chapter 5. Shipboard Communication Systems

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• Goodin, D. (2020, August 5). Insecure Satellite Internet is Threatening Ship and Plane Safety. Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2020/08/insecure-satellite-internet-is-threatening-ship-and-plane-safety/
• Hamilton, M.K. (2019). 4 Tips for Cruise Ship Cybersecurity. Critical Insight. https://www.criticalinsight.com/resources/news/article/4-tips-for-cruise-ship-cybersecurity
• Harish, A.V., Tam, K., & Jones, K. (2022, November). Investigating the Security and Accessibility of Voyage Data Recorder Data Using a USB Attack. Proceedings of CYBER 2022 : The Seventh International Conference on Cyber-Technologies and Cyber-Systems. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kimberly-Tam/publication/365365607_Investigating_the_Security_and_Accessibility_of_Voyage_Data_Recorder_Data_using_a_USB_attack/links/6372430154eb5f547cd13623/Investigating-the-Security-and-Accessibility-of-Voyage-Data-Recorder-Data-using-a-USB-attack.pdf
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• Jo, Y., Choi, O., You, J., Cha, Y., & Lee, D.H. (2022, February 26). Cyberattack Models for Ship Equipment based on the MITRE ATT&CK Framework. Sensors, 22(5), 1860. DOI: 10.3390/s22051860
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• Leyden, J. (2017, November 20). Container Ship Loading Plans Are 'Easily Hackable.' The Register. https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/11/20/container_ship_loading_software_mischief/
• Luft, L.A., Anderson, L., & Cassidy, F. (2002). NMEA 2000 A Digital Interface for the 21st Century. Proceedings of the 2002 National Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, San Diego, CA, 28–30 January 2002, pp. 796–807. https://www.nmea.org/Assets/nmea-2000-digital-interface-white-paper.pdf
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• Mehta, J., Richard, G., Lugosch, L., Yu, D., & Meyer, B.H. (2023, January). DT-DS: CAN Intrusion Detection with Decision Tree Ensembles. ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems. DOI: 10.1145/3566132
• Munro, K. (2017, October 13). OSINT From Ship Satcoms. Pen Test Partners. https://www.pentestpartners.com/security-blog/osint-from-ship-satcoms/
• Munro, K. (2017, November 16). Sinking Container Ships by Hacking Load Plan Software. Pen Test Partner. https://www.pentestpartners.com/security-blog/sinking-container-ships-by-hacking-load-plan-software/
• Munro, K. (2017, November 17). Making Prawn Espressos, or Hacking Ships by Deciphering BAPLIE EDIFACT Messaging. Pen Test Partners. https://www.pentestpartners.com/security-blog/making-prawn-espressos-or-hacking-ships-by-deciphering-baplie-edifact-messaging/
• Munro, K. (2017, December 13). Sinking Bulk Carrier Ships by Hacking HSMS. Pen Test Partners. https://www.pentestpartners.com/security-blog/sinking-bulk-carrier-ships-by-hacking-hsms/
• Munro, K. (2018, June 25). Hacking Serial Networks on Ships. Pen Test Partners. https://www.pentestpartners.com/security-blog/hacking-serial-networks-on-ships/
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• Pavur, J., Mosery, D., Strohmeiery, M., Lendersy, V., & Martinovic, I. (2020, May). A Tale of Sea and Sky On the Security of Maritime VSAT Communications. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), 18-21 May 2020, San Francisco. DOI: 10.1109/SP40000.2020.00056
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• Santamarta, R. (2018, August). Last Call For SATCOM Security. IOActive White Paper. http://i.blackhat.com/us-18/Thu-August-9/us-18-Santamarta-Last-Call-For-Satcom-Security-wp.pdf
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• Zorz, Z. (2018, June 7). Vulnerable Ship Systems: Many Left Exposed to Hacking. Help Net Security. https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2018/06/07/vulnerable-ship-systems/

[Top of Section | Top of Page]
Chapter 6. Navigation Systems

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• Akarca, O. (2019, May 24). The World's Top 10 Strategic Straits and Channels. More Than Shipping. https://www.morethanshipping.com/the-worlds-top-10-strategic-straits-and-channels/
• Amro, A., & Gkioulos, V. (2022, September). From Click To Sink: Utilizing AIS for Command and Control in Maritime Cyber Attacks. Proceedings of the 27th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security (ESORICS) 2022, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 535-553. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), 13556. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-17143-7_26
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• Anderson, J.M., Carroll, K.L., DeVilbiss, N.P., Gillis, J.T., Hinks, J.C., O'Hanlon, B.W., Rushanan, J.J., Scott, L., & Yazdi, R.A. (2017, September). Chips-Message Robust Authentication (Chimera) for GPS Civilian Signals. Proceedings of the 30th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2017), Portland, Oregon, pp. 2388-2416. DOI: 10.33012/2017.15206
• Automatic Identification System (AIS), 33 C.F.R. § 164.46 (2020). https://www.govregs.com/regulations/33/164.46
• Awan, M.S.K., & Al Ghamdi, M.A. (2019, October 2). Understanding the Vulnerabilities in Digital Components of An Integrated Bridge System (IBS). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 7(10), 350. DOI: 10.3390/jmse7100350
• Baker, R. (2019, October 2). OSINT on the Ocean: Maritime Intelligence Gathering Techniques. wondersmith_rae blog. https://wondersmithrae.medium.com/osint-on-the-ocean-maritime-intelligence-gathering-techniques-2ee39e554fe1
• Baker, R. (2021, April 12). 6 Tips For Investigating Maritime Vessels. wondersmith_rae blog. https://wondersmithrae.medium.com/6-tips-for-investigating-maritime-vessels-77e9c8bf75
• Balduzzi, M., Pasta, A., & Wilhoit, K. (2014, December). A Security Evaluation of AIS Automated Identification System. In Proceeding the 30th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC '14), 436-445, New Orleans, Louisiana, 8-12 December 2014. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.694.7968&type=pdf
• Balduzzi, M., Wilhoit, K., & Pasta, A. (2014, December). A Security Evaluation of AIS. Trend Micro Research Paper. https://www.trendmicro.com/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-a-security-evaluation-of-ais.pdf
• Bergman, B. (2020, May 26). AIS Ship Tracking Data Shows False Vessel Tracks Circling Above Point Reyes, Near San Francisco. SkyTruth. https://skytruth.org/2020/05/ais-ship-tracking-data-shows-false-vessel-tracks-circling-above-point-reyes-near-san-francisco/
• Bockmann, M.W. (2019, August 16). Seized UK Tanker Likely 'Spoofed' by Iran. Lloyd's List. https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/LL1128820/Seized-UK-tanker-likely-spoofed-by-Iran
• Boling, A., Kuo, L., Snyder, L., & Sung, L. (2021). UNMASKED: Vessel Identity Laundering and North Korea's Maritime Sanctions Evasion. Center for Advanced Defense Studies (C4ADS). https://c4ads.org/s/Unmasked-North-Korea-Vessel-Identity-Laundering-ntbe.pdf
• Bransby, M. (2018, November 1). Innovation: An Alternative to GNSS for Maritime Positioning. GPS World. https://www.gpsworld.com/innovation-an-alternative-to-gnss-for-maritime-positioning/
• Braw, E. (2018, December 17). The GPS Wars Are Here. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/12/17/the-gps-wars-are-here/
• Buesnel, G. (2020, December 2). Thousands of GNSS Jamming and Spoofing Incidents Reported in 2020. https://rntfnd.org/2020/12/24/thousands-of-gnss-jamming-and-spoofing-incidents-reported-in-2020-guy-buesnel/
• Burgess, M. (2017, September 21). When a Tanker Vanishes, All the Evidence Points to Russia. WIRED. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/black-sea-ship-hacking-russia
• Burgess, M. (2022, December 15). GPS Signals Are Being Disrupted in Russian Cities. WIRED. https://www-wired-com.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/www.wired.com/story/gps-jamming-interference-russia-ukraine/amp
• Cameron, A. (2019, April 2). Russia Practices Widespread Spoofing. GPS World. https://www.gpsworld.com/russia-practices-widespread-spoofing
• Center for Advanced Defense Studies (C4ADS). (2019). Above Us Only Stars: Exposing GPS Spoofing in Russia and Syria. https://www.c4reports.org/aboveusonlystars
• Center for Advanced Defense Studies (C4ADS). (2019, December 2). Shanghai GPS Spoofing. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTWu7H9JjRyN0uQPZ9HwiUzCFd7cd5pL
• Chow, B.G., & Kelley, B.W. (2021, July 28). Peace in the Era of Weaponized Space. SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/op-ed-peace-in-the-era-of-weaponized-space/
• Clements, Z., Ellis, P., Psiaki, M., & Humphreys, T.E. (2022, September). Geolocation of Terrestrial GNSS Spoofing Signals from Low Earth Orbit. Proceedings of the 2022 ION GNSS+ Conference, Denver, CO, Sept. 19-23, 2022. https://radionavlab.ae.utexas.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/clements-spoofer-geolocation.pdf
• CockrellSchool. (2013, July 29). Spoofing on the High Seas [video]. Cockrell School's Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ctw9ECgJ8L0
• Curry, C. (2014, September 8) Detecting GPS Jammers: 'Gone in 20 Seconds.' CGSIC Annual Conference. https://www.gps.gov/cgsic/meetings/2014/curry.pdf
• Cutlip, K. (2017, March). AIS for Safety and Tracking: A Brief History. Global Fishing Watch. https://globalfishingwatch.org/data/ais-for-safety-and-tracking-a-brief-history
• Czaplewski, K., & Goward, D. (2016, June). Global Navigation Satellite Systems - Perspectives on Development and Threats to System Operation. TransNav, The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 10(2), 183-192. DOI: 10.12716/1001.10.02.01
• Danilov, P.B. (2020, June 26). GPS Jamming Still Causing Problems in Finnmark. High North News. https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/gps-jamming-still-causing-problems-finnmark
• Dovis, F. (2019, September). Assessment of the Effect of RFI Threats on GNSS-based Downstream Applications. Proceedings of the 32nd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2019), Miami, Florida, September 16-20, 2019, pp. 2721-2741. DOI: 10.33012/2019.17124
• Divis, D.A. (2021, December 8). GPS-Independent Navigation at the Core of Space Development Agency's New LEO Constellation. Navigation Outlook. https://navoutlook.com/gps-independent-navigation-at-the-core-of-space-development-agencys-new-leo-constellation/
• Dunn, J.E. (2019, April 1). Russia Accused of Massive GPS Spoofing Campaign. Naked Security by Sophos. https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2019/04/01/russia-accused-of-massive-gps-spoofing-campaign/
• Dunn, K. (2018, November 21). Insight: Cyber Threats to Shipping Grow in East Mediterranean. S&P Global Platts. https://blogs.platts.com/2018/11/21/insight-cyber-threats-shipping-east-mediterranean/
• Dunn, K. (2020, January 22). Mysterious GPS Outages Are Wracking The Shipping Industry. Fortune. https://fortune.com/longform/gps-outages-maritime-shipping-industry/
• Dunn, K. (2020, January 24). The Long Ocean Voyage That Helped Find The Flaws in GPS. Fortune. https://fortune.com/2020/01/24/gps-disruption-test-voyage/
• Easton, I. (2009, August 10). The Great Game in Space: China's Evolving ASAT Weapons Programs and Their Implications for Future U.S. Strategy. Project 2049 Institute. https://project2049.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/china_asat_weapons_the_great_game_in_space.pdf
• Erstad, E., Lund, M.S., & Ostnes, R. (2022). Navigating Through Cyber Threats, A Maritime Navigator's Experience. In Tareq Ahram & Waldemar Karwowski (eds.), Human Factors in Cybersecurity, 53, 84–91. DOI: 10.54941/ahfe1002205
• European Union Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA). (2021, November 10). Galileo Open Service Navigation Message Authentication (OSNMA). EUSPA Info Note. https://www.gsc-europa.eu/sites/default/files/sites/all/files/Galileo_OSNMA_Info_Note.pdf
• Fischer, J. (2020, September 2). Resilient PNT: How to Detect, Protect and Prevent Disruption of GPS/GNSS/PNT Signals and Sources. Orolia. https://www.orolia.com/resilient-pnt-how-to-detect-protect-and-prevent-disruption-of-gps-gnss-pnt-signals-and-sources-2/
• González, R., Lacarra, E., López, M., & Heikonen, K. (2021, September). EGNOS Performance Along Finnish Coast. TransNav, The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 15(3), 551-556. DOI: 10.12716/1001.15.03.07
• Goodman, J. (2021, May 28). Tanker's Impossible Voyage Signals New Sanction Evasion Ploy. yahoo!news. https://news.yahoo.com/tanker-impossible-voyage-signals-sanction-040109857.html
• Goodman, J. (2022 February 3). Digital Warfare Tech at Sea Helping US Foes Evade Sanctions. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/technology-business-middle-east-iran-shipping-44d5cdc52e589c44a7bb0fc5be59d156
• Goudossis, A, & Katsikas, S.K. (2019, June). Towards a Secure Automatic Identification System (AIS). Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 24(2), 410-423. DOI: 10.1007/s00773-018-0561-3
• Goudossis, A, & Katsikas, S.K. (2020, June). Secure AIS With Identity-Based Authentication and Encryption. TransNav, The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 14(2). DOI: 10.12716/1001.14.02.03
• Goward, D. (2017). GPS Jamming and Spoofing: Maritime's Biggest Cyber Threat. In J. DiRenzo III, N.K. Drumhiller, & F.S. Roberts (Ed.), Issues in Maritime Cyber Security, pp. 407-415. Washington, D.C.: Westphalia Press.
• Goward, D. (2017, July 11). Mass GPS Spoofing Attack in Black Sea? Maritime Executive. https://maritime-executive.com/editorials/mass-gps-spoofing-attack-in-black-sea
• Goward, D.A. (2018, December). GNSS Spoofing - A Technology Re/evolution. US National PNT Advisory Board. https://www.gps.gov/governance/advisory/meetings/2018-12/goward.pdf
• Goward, D. (2019, June 19). The History of GPS Spoofing [video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2fZGVVH5lg
• Goward, D. (2019, August 13). GPS Jamming and Spoofing Reported at Port of Shanghai. Maritime Executive. https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/gps-jamming-and-spoofing-at-port-of-shanghai
• Goward, D. (2020, April 21). GPS Circle Spoofing Discovered in Iran. GPS World. https://www.gpsworld.com/gps-circle-spoofing-discovered-in-iran/
• Goward, D. (2020, May 26). New GPS 'Circle Spoofing' Moves Ship Locations Thousands of Miles. GPS World. https://www.gpsworld.com/new-gps-circle-spoofing-moves-ship-locations-thousands-of-miles/
• Goward, D.A. (2021, April 14). Assured PNT Summit - Opening Remarks. Defense Strategies Institute Assured PNT Summit. https://rntfnd.org/2021/04/16/assured-pnt-summit-opening-remarks/
• Goward, D. (2022, January 4). NSC Director: GPS 'Still a Single Point of Failure.' GPS World. https://www.gpsworld.com/nsc-director-gps-still-a-single-point-of-failure/
• Goward, D. (2022, January 13. GPS Spoofing — History and Prevention [video]. Association of Old Crows. https://event.on24.com/wcc/r/3393437/A17F616C03AAAEA78105E26B4986E22B
• Goward, D.A. (2022, April 19). Op-Ed: Get the Bullseye Off GPS. Space News. https://spacenews.com/op-ed-get-the-bullseye-off-gps/
• Goward, D.A. (2022, July 22). Why Isn't Russia jamming GPS harder in Ukraine? C4ISRNET. https://www.c4isrnet.com/opinion/2022/07/22/why-isnt-russia-jamming-gps-harder-in-ukraine/
• Goward, D.A. (2023, January 26). GPS could have high accuracy and counter spoofing, if... GPS World. https://www.gpsworld.com/gps-could-have-high-accuracy-and-counter-spoofing-if/
• GPS Denied Solutions and Upcoming Technologies. (2021, May 11). Advanced Navigation. https://www.advancednavigation.com/news/gps-denied-solutions-and-upcoming-technologies
• GPSPATRON. (2021, September 26). GNSS Spoofing Scenarios with SDRs. https://gpspatron.com/gnss-spoofing-scenarios-with-sdrs/
• Grant, A., Williams, P., Ward, N., & Basker, S. (2009, April). GPS Jamming and the Impact on Maritime Navigation. The Journal of Navigation, 62(2). DOI: 10.1017/S0373463308005213
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• Hambling, D. (2017, August 10). Ships Fooled in GPS Spoofing Attack Suggest Russian Cyberweapon. NewScientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2143499-ships-fooled-in-gps-spoofing-attack-suggest-russian-cyberweapon/
• Hambling, D. (2020, October 4). What Would the World do Without GPS? BBC. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201002-would-the-world-cope-without-gps-satellite-navigation
• Hansen, A., Mackey, S., Wassaf, H., Shah, V., Wallischeck, E., Scarpone, C., Barzach, M., & Baskerville, E. (2021, January). Complementary PNT and GPS Backup Technologies Demonstration Report. Cambridge (MA): U.S. Department of Transportation, John A Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Report DOT-VNTSC-20-07. https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/2021-01/FY%2718%20NDAA%20Section%201606%20DOT%20Report%20to%20Congress_Combinedv2_January%202021.pdf
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[Top of Section | Top of Page]
Chapter 7. Operational Technology and Autonomous Systems

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Chapter 8. Strategies for Maritime Cyberdefense

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• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). (2020, February 26). Guidelines for Addressing Cyber Risks at Maritime Transportation Security Act (MTSA) Regulated Facilities. Navigation and Vessel Inspection Circular (NVIC) No. 01-20. https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/DCO%20Documents/5p/5ps/NVIC/2020/NVIC_01-20_CyberRisk_dtd_2020-02-26.pdf?ver=2020-03-19-071814-023
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). (2021, August). CYBER STRATEGIC OUTLOOK: The United States Coast Guard's Vision To Protect and Operate in Cyberspace. https://www.uscg.mil/Portals/0/Images/cyber/2021-Cyber-Strategic-Outlook.pdf
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). (2022, April 29). NVIC 01-20 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) — Updated 4/29/2022. Navigation and Vessel Inspection Circular (NVIC) No. 01-22. https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/Cyber%20NVIC%2001-20%20FAQs_updated%2029%20APR%2022.pdf
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). (2022, August 5). 2021 Cyber Trends and Insights in the Marine Environment. Coast Guard Cyber Command. https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/2021CyberTrendsInsightsMarineEnvironmentReport.pdf
• U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary. (2019). USCG Risk Management Classroom Workbook. National Response Directorate.
• U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). (n.d.). Assessments: Cyber Resilience Review (CRR). Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). https://us-cert.cisa.gov/resources/assessments
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). (2020, October 27). Vessel Cyber Risk Management Work Instruction (CVC-WI-027(1)). Office of Commercial Vessel Compliance (CG-CVC) Mission Management System (MMS) Work Instruction (WI). https://dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/DCO%20Documents/5p/CG-5PC/CG-CVC/CVC_MMS/CVC-WI-027(series).pdf
• U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). (n.d.). Cyber Security Evaluation Tool (CSET®). Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). https://www.cisa.gov/stopransomware/cyber-security-evaluation-tool-csetr
• U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). (2015, June 26). Transportation Systems Sector Cybersecurity Framework Implementation Guidance. Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/tss-cybersecurity-framework-implementation-guide-2016-508v2_0.pdf
• U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). (2019, June 3). Maritime Modal Sector Coordinating Council (Maritime SCC). Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/maritime_scc_charter_2019_4.26.19.pdf
• U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). (2020, March 24). Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). https://www.cisa.gov/critical-infrastructure-sectors
• Vijayan, J. (2019, July 9). What is an ISAC or ISAO? How These Cyber Threat Information Sharing Organizations Improve Security. CSO. https://www.csoonline.com/article/3406505/what-is-an-isac-or-isao-how-these-cyber-threat-information-sharing-organizations-improve-security.html
• Wärtsilä. (2018, October 16) Wärtsilä Opens the First International Maritime Cyber Centre of Excellence in the World. https://www.wartsila.com/media/news/16-10-2018-wartsila-opens-the-first-international-maritime-cyber-centre-of-excellence-in-the-world-2296825
• Weiss, J.G., Helleputte, C.-A., & De Cicco, D. (2020, October 22). US DOE and NIST Partner to Improve Cybersecurity in Energy, Maritime Transportation Industries. Steptoe. https://www.steptoe.com/en/news-publications/us-doe-and-nist-partner-to-improve-cybersecurity-in-energy-maritime-transportation-industries.html
• White House (2020, December). National Maritime Cybersecurity Plan to the National Strategy for Maritime Security. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=848704
• Wingrove, M. (2020, November 5). Norway Opens Cyber Resilience Centre. Riviera. https://www.rivieramm.com/news-content-hub/news-content-hub/norway-opens-cyber-resilience-centre-61586

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Chapter 9. Concluding Thoughts

• Afenyo, M., & Caesar, L.D. (2023, January). Maritime Cybersecurity Threats: Gaps and Directions for Future Research. Ocean & Coastal Management. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2023.106493
• Bailey, D. (2017, July 13). Why You Need to Follow the Steve Jobs Method and 'Work Backwards.' Inc. https://www.inc.com/dave-bailey/why-you-need-to-follow-the-steve-jobs-method-and-w.html
• Ben Farah, M.A., Ukwandu, E., Hindy, H., Brosset, D., Bures, M., Andonovic, I., & Bellekens, X. (2022, January 6). Cyber-Security in the Maritime Industry: A Systematic Survey of Recent Advances and Future Trends. Information, 13(1), 22. DOI: 10.3390/info13010022
• Bolbot, V., Kulkarni, K., Brunou, P., Banda, O.V., & Musharraf, M. (2022, October 30). Developments and Research Directions in Maritime Cybersecurity: A Systematic Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcip.2022.100571
• Bolbot, V., Theotokatos, G., Boulougouris, E., & Vassalos, D. (2020, November). A Novel Cyber-Risk Assessment Method for Ship Systems. Safety Science, 131. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104908. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753520303052/pdfft
• Chambers, S. (2018, March 16). Maritime CEO Forum: Shipping Anywhere From 30 to 500 Years Behind the Technology Curve. Splash247. https://splash247.com/maritime-ceo-forum-shipping-anywhere-30-500-years-behind-technology-curve/
• Cyberspace Solarium Commission. (2020, March). Report of the United States of America Cyberspace Solarium Commission. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ryMCIL_dZ30QyjFqFkkf10MxIXJGT4yv/view
• Davidson, D. (2018, March 13). Don't Try to be 'Disruptive.' To Really Have an Impact, You Need to Reverse Engineer the Future. Entrepreneur. https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/309552
• Haney, J., & Lutters, W. (2020, October). Security Awareness Training for the Workforce: Moving Beyond "Check-the-Box" Compliance. IEEE Computer Magazine, 53(10), 91-95. DOI: 10.1109/MC.2020.3001959
• Hartmann, G.K. (1975, July 1). Mine Warfare History and Technology. Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak Laboratory, Technical Report NWSC/WOL/TR 75-88. https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a017318.pdf
• Higgins, K.J. (2013, April 4). Hacking The User Security Awareness And Training Debate. DarkReading. https://www.darkreading.com/risk/hacking-the-user-security-awareness-and-training-debate
• Higgins, K.J. (2015, March 26). SSL/TLS Suffers "Bar Mitzvah Attack." DarkReading. https://www.darkreading.com/attacks-breaches/ssl-tls-suffers-bar-mitzvah-attack-
• Ileto, J. (2022, May 10). Cyber at Sea: Protecting Strategic Sealift in the Age of Strategic Competition. Modern War Institute at West Point. https://mwi.usma.edu/cyber-at-sea-protecting-strategic-sealift-in-the-age-of-strategic-competition/
• Johnston, R.G. (2020, July). Security Maxims. Right Brain Sekurity. https://rbsekurity.com/Papers/Johnston_Security_Maxims.pdf
• Kessler, G.C. (2018, October 12). Cybersecurity and the "Return on Negligence." The Maritime Executive. https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/cybersecurity-and-the-return-on-negligence
• Kessler, G.C. (2022, April 19). Information Security, the MTS of the Future, and the New Convergence. The Maritime Executive. https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/information-security-the-mts-of-the-future-and-the-new-convergence
• Kessler, G.C. (2022, May 11). Cybersecurity as a Team Sport: Resiliency, Agility and Cooperation . The Maritime Executive. https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/cybersecurity-as-a-team-sport-resiliency-agility-and-cooperation
• Kessler, G.C., & Zorri, D.M. (2021). Cross Domain IW Threats to SOF Maritime Missions: Implications for U.S. SOF. Joint Special Operations University (JSOU) Report 21-4. MacDill Air Force Base (FL): The JSOU Press. https://jsouapplicationstorage.blob.core.windows.net/press/12/21-4.pdf
• Lawrence, C. (2022, September 28). Securing the Seas When the Maritime Industry's Drowning. TNW. https://thenextweb.com/news/martime-industry-drowning-from-cybercriminal-threat
• Larsen, B.J.P. (2022, June). Maritime Cybersecurity Shipping Industry Plan. Unpublished M.S. Thesis, University of Skövde. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.29320.29441
• Loomis, W., Singh, V.V., Kessler, G.C., & Bellekens, X. (2021, October). RAISING THE COLORS: Signaling for Cooperation on Maritime Cybersecurity. Cyber Statecraft Initiative, Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security, Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Raising-the-colors-Signaling-for-cooperation-on-maritime-cybersecurity.pdf
• Lundquist, E.H. (2011, January 27). Project Evergreen. Defense Media Network. https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/project-evergreen/
• Meadors, T.M. (2022, September). Cyber Warfare is a Navy Mission. Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute, 148(9). https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2022/september/cyber-warfare-navy-mission
• Oruç, A. (2022, June). Ethical Considerations in Maritime Cybersecurity Research. TransNav, The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 16,(2), 309-318. DOI: 10.12716/1001.16.02.14
• Palmer, D. (2019, May 17). What is GDPR? Everything You Need to Know About the New General Data Protection Regulations. ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/gdpr-an-executive-guide-to-what-you-need-to-know/
• Percival, T. (2021, January 18). Proactive vs. Reactive Cyber Security Strategies in Maritime. Hellenic Shipping News. https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/proactive-vs-reactive-cyber-security-strategies-in-maritime/
• Potamos, G., Peratikou, A., & Stavrou, S. (2021). Towards a Maritime Cyber Range Training Environment. In Proceedings of 2021 IEEE International Conference on Cyber Security and Resilience (CSR), July 26-28, 2021, Rhodes, Greece. DOI: 10.1109/CSR51186.2021.9527904
• Roer, K. (2017, June 1). A Culture of Security, Not of Blame. Information Security Magazine. https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/blogs/culture-security-not-blame/
• Schauer, S., Stamer, M., Bosse, C., Pavlidis, M., Mouratidis, H., König, S., & Papastergiou, S. (2017). An Adaptive Supply Chain Cyber Risk Management Methodology. In: Kersten, Wolfgang Blecker, Thorsten Ringle, Christian M. (Ed.), Digitalization in Supply Chain Management and Logistics: Smart and Digital Solutions for an Industry 4.0 Environment, Proceedings of the Hamburg International Conference of Logistics (HICL), Vol. 23, ISBN 978-3-7450-4328-0, epubli GmbH, Berlin, pp. 405-425. DOI: 10.15480/882.1491
• Shang, W., Gong,, T., Chen,, C., Hou, J., & Zeng, P. (2019, March 14). Information Security Risk Assessment Method for Ship Control System Based on Fuzzy Sets and Attack Trees. Security and Communication Networks, 2019, article 3574675. DOI: 10.1155/2019/3574675. https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2019/3574675.pdf
• Shepard, S. (2022). Reverse-Engineering the Future: A Prescription for Change Leadership. Kindle Direct Publishing. https://www.amazon.com/Reverse-Engineering-Future-Prescription-Change-Leadership-ebook/dp/B09SVVN7F3/ref=sr_1_1
• Stoltz, B. (2019, September 7). A New California Privacy Law Could Affect Every U.S. Business—Will You be Ready? Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/allbusiness/2019/09/07/california-consumer-privacy-act-could-affect-your-business
• Tam, K., Moara-Nkwe, K., & Jones, K.D. (2021, January-March). The Use of Cyber Ranges in the Maritime Context: Assessing Maritime-Cyber Risks, Raising Awareness, and Providing Training. Maritime Technology and Research, 3(1). DOI: 10.33175/mtr.2021.241410
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). (2012, May 31). Navigation Rules: International—Inland (72 COLREGS), COMDTINST M16672.2D. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/navRules/navrules.pdf
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). (2020, June 28). Marine Safety Alert 06-19 Cyber (07/2019). https://homeport.uscg.mil/Lists/Content/DispForm.aspx?ID=50460
• U.S. Naval Institute (USNI). (2022, December 21). Cyber Power is Essential to Sea Power. The Proceedings Podcast. Panelists CDR Robert “Jake” Bebber, USN, and LCDR Tyson B. Meadors, USN, hosted by Bill Hamblet. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zT_UdJSf3Q [video]
• Zorri, D.M., & Kessler, G.C. (2021, September 8). Cyber Threats and Choke Points: How Adversaries are Leveraging Maritime Cyber Vulnerabilities for Advantage in Irregular Warfare. Modern War Institute at West Point. https://mwi.usma.edu/cyber-threats-and-choke-points-how-adversaries-are-leveraging-maritime-cyber-vulnerabilities-for-advantage-in-irregular-warfare/

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Ancillary Material

Author Podcasts/Interviews/Presentations Maritime Cyber Newsletters, Blogs, and Web Sites Maritime Journals GPS/GNSS- and PNT-Related Sites Ship Tracking/AIS Aggregation Web Sites Papers Related to Securing AIS

Author Podcasts/Interviews/Presentations

• Gary was quoted in the following article: Careless, J. (2022, December 17). Upgrading Maritime Cybersecurity in a Dangerous World. Transport Security International. https://www.tsi-mag.com/upgrading-maritime-cybersecurity-in-a-dangerous-world/
• Gary Kessler participated in Panel 4 - Innovation to Meet Maritime Challenges, at the Maritime Security Challenges Conference (MSC 2022), Vancouver, BC, Canada (11/16/2022)
• Gary gave two talks at the University of Plymouth's Cyber-SHIP Annual Symposium, held at IMO Headquarters in London (10/26-27/2022) — Geopolitical Implications Of the Weaponization of GPS and AIS in the Maritime Domain and The Human Element: Strategies to Combat the Maritime Cyber Workforce Problem (with Will Loomis)
• Gary Kessler and A Historical View Of Information-Sharing (The Natural Curiosity Project Episode 167, hosted by Steven Shepard, 03/24/2022)
• Charting Course: Next Steps for Maritime Cybersecurity With Allies and Partners, an Atlantic Council's Cyber Statecraft Initiative event with an introduction by The Hon. Angus King (I-Maine), and a panel session with RADM John W. Mauger (Asst. Commandant for Prevention Policy (CG-5P), USCG), Gary Kessler (Non-Resident Senior Fellow, Atlantic Council), Josie Long (Cyber Security Consultant, MITRE), and Sean Kline (Dir. of Maritime Affairs, Chamber of Shipping of America), moderated by Nina Kollars (Assoc. Professor, Cyber and Innovation Policy Institute (CIPI), U.S. Naval War College) (12/14/2021)
• Maritime Cybersecurity Interview with Mr. William Loomis and Dr. Gary Kessler, a ThinkJSOU podcast moderated by Dr. Mark Grzegorzewski (12/02/2021)
• Designer's Series: Balancing Cybersecurity and Autonomy in the Maritime Domain, an interview with William Loomis, Dr. Gary C. Kessler, and Michael Pyne, hosted by Nicolé Mullins (Teasley), at HACKtheMACHINE (11/29/2021)
• Maritime Cybersecurity Panel with Stephen Mills (Royal Caribbean), Gary C. Kessler, and Daniel E. Turissini (Marine Technology Society), moderated by Lori Barfield and hosted by the Los Angeles Chapter of the Information Systems Security Association (ISSA-LA).
• Sea Control 293 - Cyber Threats & Chokepoints with Dr. Diane Zorri and Dr. Gary Kessler (Center for International Maritime Security (CIMSEC), hosted by Anna McNeil, 11/14/2021)
• Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Transportation & Infrastructure hearing on "The Evolving Cybersecurity Landscape: Industry Perspectives on Securing the Nation's Infrastructure" by Dr. Gary C. Kessler (11/04/2021) [Written testimony || Video of complete hearing (GCK's opening statement at 38:17-43:11)]
• Hack The Sea 3.0 Village/DEF CON 29 (08/2021)
• AIS Tools Demo (Notes from DEF CON)
• AIS Proctocol Internals (Abridged) (Notes from Hack the Sea)
• Cybersecurity Update with Gary Kessler (The Natural Curiosity Project, hosted by Steven Shepard, 06/21/2021)
• "GNSS/AIS Spoofing: Issues in Maritime CyberSecurity." Video presentation by Gary Kessler at Maritime Cyber Security 2021 virtual event (06/17/2021).
• Gary was quoted in the following article: Satira, B. (2021, May 12). Navigating the Waters of Maritime Cybersecurity. Help Net Security. https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2021/05/12/maritime-cybersecurity/
• An Interview With Gary Kessler on the National Maritime Cybersecurity Plan (The Natural Curiosity Project Episode 118, hosted by Steven Shepard, 02/18/2021)
• An Interview with Gary Kessler on Maritime Cybersecurity (Cybersecurity Career Intelligence, hosted by Fred Scholl, Quinnipiac University, 11/02/2020)
• An Interview With Gary Kessler on the Maritime Ransomware Attacks (The Natural Curiosity Project, hosted by Steven Shepard, 10/05/2020)
• Hack The Sea 2.0 Village at DEF CON 28 (08/2020)
• Build A Raspberry AIS
• GPS:AIS Spoofing Attacks and Some Tools
• Protecting AIS with Public Key Crypto Methods
• An Interview with Gary Kessler, Andrew Lee (Jones Walker), and LT Kevin Kuhn (USCG) on cyberattack liabilities for maritime companies (IN THE KNOW Podcast 7: Planning for Real-World Cyber Threats, The Maritime Executive, hosted by Paul Benecki, 01/06/2019)

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Maritime Cyber Newsletters, Blogs, and Web Sites

• Center for International Maritime Security
• Channel - 16 Maritime Security News
• CSO Alliance
• Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) National Cyber Awareness System
• Digital Ship newsletter
• DNV cyber insights
• Dryad Global Channel - 16 Maritime Security News
• gCaptain
• Hellenic Shipping News
• JOC.com Maritime News
• Lloyd's List
• MarineLink
• Maritime and Port Security Information Sharing and Analysis Organization (MPS-ISAO) TLP-Green Reports and Advisories
• Maritime Domain Awareness Trade - Gulf of Guinea (MDAT-GoG)
• The Maritime Executive
• Maritime Logistics Professional
• Maritime Transportation System Information Sharing and Analysis Center (MTS-ISAC)
• MCYSEKA - Maritime Cyber Security Knowledge Archive
• Navigation Outlook
• Resilient Navigation and Timing (RNT) Foundation
• Riviera Maritime Media
• SAFETY4SEA
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) Maritime Commons
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) Maritime Cyber Readiness Branch (MCRB)
• U.S. Naval Institute (USNI) News
• Vessel Performance Optimisation
• Voyage Worldwide

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Maritime Journals

• International Journal of Maritime Crime & Security
• Journal of Marine Science & Engineering
• Journal of Marine Science & Technology (Digital Commons)
• Journal of Marine Science & Technology (JASNAOE)
• NAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation
• OUR SEA: International Journal of Maritime Science & Technology
• The Journal of Navigation
• Transactions on Maritime Science
• TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
• WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs

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GPS/GNSS- and PNT-Related Sites

• CISA Positioning, Navigation, and Timing page
• GPSJam
• GPSPATRON
• International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) — Positioning , Navigation and Timing (PNT) page
• Interreg Baltic Sea Region R-Mode Baltic Project
• MarRINav: Improving the Integrity and Resilience of Maritime Navigation
• Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation
• The Institute of Navigation (ION)
• The Royal Institute of Navigation (RIN)
• USCG Navigation Center — GPS Problem Report Status page

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Ship Tracking/AIS Aggregation Web Sites

• AISHub
• CruiseMapper
• FleetMon
• MarineTraffic
• My Ship Tracking
• Ship Tracker
• Shipfinder
• Shipspotting.com
• TankerTrackers.com
• Vessel Finder
• Vesseltracker

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Papers Related to Securing AIS

One area of Gary's research is related to AIS, AIS security vulnerabilities and exploits, and methods with which to secure AIS. Although not a specific theme of the book, a secure AIS is integral to a secure MTS. In that spirit, here are some papers specifically related to AIS (and some GNSS) security:

• Anderson, J., Lo, S., & Walter, T. (2022, January). Cryptographic Ranging Authentication with TESLA, Rapid Re-keying, and a PRF. Proceedings of the 2022 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Long Beach, California, January 2022, pp. 43-55. DOI: 10.33012/2022.18226
• Anderson, J., Lo, S., & Walter, T. (2022, January). Efficient and Secure Use of Cryptography for Watermarked Signal Authentication. Proceedings of the 2022 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Long Beach, California, January 2022, pp. 68-82. DOI: 10.33012/2022.18228
• Androjna, A., Brcko, T., Pavic, I., & Greidanus, H. (2020, October 20). Assessing Cyber Challenges of Maritime Navigation. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8(10), 776. DOI: 10.3390/jmse8100776
• Androjna, A., & Perkovič, M. (2021, September). Impact of Spoofing of Navigation Systems on Maritime Situational Awareness. Transactions on Maritime Science, 10(2). DOI: 10.7225/toms.v10.n02.w08
• Androjna, A., Perkovič, M., Pavic, I., & Mičković. (2021, May). AIS Data Vulnerability Indicated by a Spoofing Case-Study. Applied Sciences, 11(11), 5015. DOI: 10.3390/app11115015
• Aziz, A., Tedeschi, P., Sciancalepore, S., & Di Pietro, R. (2020, August 7). SecureAIS - Securing Pairwise Vessels Communications. 2020 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS), 29 June-1 July, Avignon, France. DOI: 10.1109/CNS48642.2020.9162320
• Balduzzi, M., Pasta, A., & Wilhoit, K. (2014, December). A Security Evaluation of AIS Automated Identification System. In Proceeding the 30th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC '14), 436-445, New Orleans, Louisiana, 8-12 December 2014. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.694.7968&type=pdf
• Balduzzi, M., Wilhoit, K., & Pasta, A. (2014, December). A Security Evaluation of AIS. Trend Micro Research Paper. https://www.trendmicro.com/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-a-security-evaluation-of-ais.pdf
• Baker, R. (2021, August 16). Creating an AIS Pi for Maritime Research. wondersmith_rae blog. https://wondersmithrae.medium.com/creating-an-ais-pi-for-maritime-research-5e6f754e541c
• Baker, R. (2021, August 27). How to Install OpenCPN on Your AIS Raspberry Pi for Maritime Research. wondersmith_rae blog. https://wondersmithrae.medium.com/how-to-install-opencpn-on-your-ais-raspberry-pi-for-maritime-research-c6d3da5eb5a6
• Blanco, J. (2019, December 5). C2 Over Maritime AIS and Commercial Aggregation [video]. DEF CON 27 Hack the Sea Village. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRWh6FVIFeo
• Erwin, S. (2022, August 17). Commercial Geospatial Technologies That Detect GPS Disruptions to be Tested in Military Exercises. SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/commercial-geospatial-technologies-that-detect-gps-disruptions-to-be-tested-in-military-exercises/
• Goudosis, A., & Katsikas, S.K. (2019, June 14). Towards a Secure Automatic Identification System (AIS). Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 24, 410-423. DOI: 10.1007/s00773-018-0561-3
• Goudosis, A., & Katsikas, S.K. (2020, June). Secure AIS with Identity-Based Authentication and Encryption. TransNav, The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 14(2). DOI: 10.12716/1001.14.02.03
• Goudosis, A., & Katsikas, S.K. (2022, June). Secure Automatic Identification System (SecAIS): Proof-of-Concept Implementation. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(6), 805. DOI: 10.3390/jmse10060805
• Goudossis, A., Kostis, T., & Nikitakos, N. (2012). Automatic Identification System Stated Requirements for Naval Transponder Security Assurance. In: A. Goudossis, T. Kostis, & N. Nikitakos (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Applications of Mathematics and Informatics in Military Sciences (AMIMS), Vari, Greece. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Athanasios-Goudosis/publication /280573426_Automatic_Identification_System_Stated_Requirements_for_Naval_Transponder_Security_Assurance /links/5d6f6d2da6fdccf93d38830c/Automatic-Identification-System-Stated-Requirements-for-Naval-Transponder-Security-Assurance.pdf
• Gupta, B.B., Gaurav, A., Hsu, C.-H., & Jiao, B. (2021, November 15). Identity-Based Authentication Mechanism for Secure Information Sharing in the Maritime Transport System. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 1-9. DOI: 10.1109/TITS.2021.3125402
• Hall, J., Lee, J., Benin, J., Armstrong, C., & Owen, H. (2015). IEEE 1609 Influenced Automatic Identification System (AIS). In Proceedings of 2015 IEEE 81st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), May 11-14, Glasgow, pp. 1-5. DOI: 10.1109/VTCSpring.2015.7145867
• Hu, Q., Jiang, Y., Zhang, J., Sun, X., & Zhang, S. (2015, November). Development of an Automatic Identification System Autonomous Positioning System. Sensors, 15(11), 28574–28591. DOI: 10.3390/s151128574
• International Telecommunication Union (ITU). (2014, February). Technical Characteristics for an Automatic Identification System Using Time Division Multiple Access in the VHF Maritime Mobile Frequency Band. ITU-R Recommendation M.1371-5. M Series: Mobile, Radiodetermination, Amateur and Related Satellite Services. https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.1371-5-201402-I!!PDF-E.pdf
• International Telecommunication Union (ITU). (2019, October). Assignment and Use of Identities in the Maritime Mobile Service. ITU-R Recommendation M.585-8. M Series: Mobile, Radiodetermination, Amateur and Related Satellite Services. https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.585-8-201910-I!!PDF-E.pdf
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About the Authors and the Book

Gary C. Kessler, Ph.D., CISSP, is President of Gary Kessler Associates, a consulting, research, and training company located in Ormond Beach, Florida. He has been in the information security and education fields for more than 40 years, and is a retired professor of cybersecurity. Gary is a Principal Consultant at Fathom5, a Non-Resident Senior Fellow at the Atlantic Council, a visiting faculty member in the Electrical Engineering & Cyber Systems Section at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, on the Board of Advisers of Cydome, and has testified before the U.S. House of Representatives about maritime cybersecurity issues. Gary has a B.A. in mathematics from Humboldt State University (California), an M.S. degree in computer science from the University of Vermont, and a Ph.D. in computing technology in education from Nova Southeastern University (Florida). His research interests focus on maritime cybersecurity, particularly related to AIS, as well as network protocols, digital forensics, and cybersecurity management and policy. Gary is Chief of the Cybersecurity Prevention Operations Division in the USCG Auxiliary, a PADI Master SCUBA Diver Trainer, and holds a USCG 50GT master merchant mariner certificate. Gary lives in Florida with his wife, Gayle.

Dr. Steven Shepard is the founder of the Shepard Communications Group in Williston, Vermont, and co-founder of the Executive Crash Course Company. A professional author, photographer, audio producer, and educator with more than 35 years of experience in the technology industry, he has written books and articles on a wide variety of topics. Steve received his undergraduate degree in Spanish and Romance Philology from the University of California at Berkeley, his master's degree in International Business from St. Mary's College, and his Ph.D. at the Da Vinci Institute in Rivonia, South Africa. He is a Senior Fellow of the Da Vinci Institute of South Africa; a Founding Director of the African Telecoms Institute; and an Emeritus member of the Board of Trustees of Champlain College. He was Resident Director of the University of Southern California's Executive Leadership and Advanced Management Programs for more than 25 years and is adjunct professor at Emory University and the Da Vinci Institute, among others. Thanks to a childhood spent in Spain, Steve is native fluent in Spanish and routinely publishes and delivers presentations in that language. He lives in Vermont with his wife Sabine, who has put up with him for more than 45 years.

The book can be purchased from Amazon in paperback (USD16.99) or Kindle (USD9.99) format.

Get more information about Gary (Amazon Author Page | Web site) and Steve (Amazon Author Page | Web site).

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