Maritime Cybersecurity A Guide for Leaders and Managers Second Edition (v2.2, 01/2024) by Gary C. Kessler & Steven D. Shepard

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This Web page is devoted to providing updated or additional information with which to supplement Maritime Cybersecurity: A Guide for Leaders and Managers.

• References
• Ancillary Material
• About the Authors and the Book

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References

This section contains all references for the book plus many additional resources. Preface Chapter 1. The Maritime Transportation System (MTS) Chapter 2. Cybersecurity Basics Chapter 3. Case Studies: Cyber Attacks on the Maritime Sector Chapter 4. Ports and Cybersecurity Chapter 5. Shipboard Communication Systems Chapter 6. Navigation Systems Chapter 7. Operational Technology and Autonomous Systems Chapter 8. Strategies for Maritime Cyberdefense Chapter 9. Concluding Thoughts

Preface

• CEOs and CISOs Disagree on Cyber Strategies. (2020, May 20). Help Net Security. https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2020/05/20/ceos-cisos-disparities/
• Cimpanu, C. (2018, December 12). Ships Infected With Ransomware, USB Malware, Worms. ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/ships-infected-with-ransomware-usb-malware-worms/
• Cook, K.S., & Nichols, D.L. (2017). Cyber Seaworthiness: A Call to Action. In DiRenzo III, J., Drumhiller, N.K., & Roberts, F.S. (Eds.) (2017). Issues in Maritime Cyber Security, pp. 81-85. Washington, D.C.: Westphalia Press.
• DiRenzo III, J., Drumhiller, N.K., & Roberts, F.S. (Eds.) (2017). Issues in Maritime Cyber Security. Washington, D.C.: Westphalia Press.
• Germond, B. (2023, July 10). Op-Ed: The Geopolitics of Maritime Cybersecurity. MarineLog. https://www.marinelog.com/views/op-eds/op-ed-the-geopolitics-of-maritime-cybersecurity/
• Harish, A.V., Tam, K., & Jones, K. (2024, October 10). Literature Review of Maritime Cyber Security: The First Decade. Maritime Technology and Research, 7(2), 273805. DOI: 10.33175/mtr.2025.273805
• Jones, J., & Ralby, I. (2024, March 11). Focus on the Fundamentals: The Siren Song of Technology in Maritime Security. Center for International Maritime Security (CIMSEC. https://cimsec.org/focus-on-the-fundamentals-the-siren-song-of-technology-in-maritime-security/
• Jones, K.D., Tam, K., & Papadaki, M. (2016, April 22). Threats and Impacts in Maritime Cyber Security. Engineering & Technology Reference. DOI: 10.1049/etr.2015.0123
• Kanwal, K., Shi, W., Kontovas, C., Yang, Z., & Chang, C.-H. (2022, September 16). Maritime Cybersecurity: Are Onboard Systems Ready? Maritime Policy & Management. DOI: 10.1080/03088839.2022.2124464
• Manyara, S. (2022, January 6). Rising Cyber Exposure in Asia Maritime Shipping. The Asset. https://www.theasset.com/viewpoint/45794/rising-cyber-exposure-in-asia-maritime-shipping
• Maritime Cyber Attacks Increase 900%. (2020, July 20). MarineLink. https://www.marinelink.com/news/maritime-cyber-attacks-increase-480311
• Marsh & Microsoft. (2019, September). 2019 Global Cyber Risk Perception Survey. https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Marsh-Microsoft-2019-Global-Cyber-Risk-Perception-Survey.pdf
• Rundle, J. (2019, July 26). Coast Guard Details February Cyberattack on Ship. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/coast-guard-details-february-cyberattack-on-ship-11564133401
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). (n.d.). Maritime Cyber Readiness Branch. https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/CGCYBER/Maritime-Cyber-Readiness-Branch/
• Waterman, S. (2019, March 28). Coast Guard 'Cyber Boarding' Shows Online Risks to Maritime Sector. Homeland Security Today. https://www.hstoday.us/federal-pages/dhs/uscg/coast-guard-cyber-boarding-shows-online-risks-to-maritime-sector/
• Zheng, T.X. (2022, August 18). Bracing for the Rising Tide of Cyber Threats Against the Maritime Industry. Seatrade Maritime News. https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/opinions-analysis/bracing-rising-tide-cyber-threats-against-maritime-industry

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Chapter 1. The Maritime Transportation System (MTS)

• Akpan, F., Bendiab, G., Shiaeles, S., Karamperidis, S., & Michaloliakos, M. (2022,March 7). Cybersecurity Challenges in the Maritime Sector. Network, 2(1), 123-138. DOI: 10.3390/network2010009
• Alderson, D.L., Funk, D., & Gera, R. (2020, December). Analysis of the Global Maritime Transportation System as a Layered Network. Journal of Transportation Security, 13, 291–325. DOI: 10.1007/s12198-019-00204-z
• Bebbington, T. (2021, August 6). Cyberattack or Coincidence? Seatrade Maritime News. https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/regulation/less-25-bulkers-and-tankers-will-attain-eexi-compliance
• Cohen, J. (2021). Where Zeros and Ones Sink Ships - Cyber Warfare Enters the Naval Battlespace. Naval Forces, 42(5), 49-51.
• Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). (2020, March 24). Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). https://www.cisa.gov/critical-infrastructure-sectors
• Daum, O. (2019, January). Cyber Security in the Maritime Sector. Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, 50(1), 1-19.
• Foote, R. (2017) Cybersecurity in the Marine Transportation Sector: Protecting Intellectual Property to Keep Our Ports, Facilities, and Vessels Safe from Cyber Threats. Cybaris, 8(2), article 3. https://open.mitchellhamline.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1073&context=cybaris
• Jakobsen, E.W., Haugland, L.M., Abrahamoglu, S., Osman, M.S., Sewraz, D., & Dineshkar, B. (2022, January). The Leading Maritime Cities of the World 2022. Menon Economics and DNV. https://www.menon.no/wp-content/uploads/Leading-Maritime-Cities-of-the-world-2022-Final-report-12-Jan.pdf
• Kessler, G.C. (2019, Spring). Cybersecurity in the Maritime Domain. Proceedings of the USCG Marine Safety & Security Council, 76(1), 34-39. https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/DCO%20Documents/Proceedings%20Magazine/Archive/2019/Vol76_No1_Spring2019.pdf
• Kiln. (n.d.). Ship Map. https://www.shipmap.org/
• Mansouri, M., Gorod, A., Wakeman, T.H., & Sauser, B. (2009). A Systems Approach to Governance in Maritime Transportation System of Systems. IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering (SoSE), Albuquerque, NM, May 30 - June 3, 2009.
• Neo, M. (2021). The Rising Threat of Maritime Cyber-attacks: Level of Maritime Cyber-security Preparedness along the Straits of Malacca and Singapore. Royal Australian Navy Sea Power Soundings, 42, 1-38. https://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Soundings_Papers_42_2021.pdf
• Oruç, A. (2020, October 5). Claims of State-Sponsored Cyberattack in the Maritime Industry. International Naval Engineering Conference and Exhibition (INEC 2020). DOI: 10.24868/issn.2515-818X.2020.021
• Shipowner.io. (2018). The World's First Distributed Ledger Platform Focused on Maritime Assets & Services. White Paper. https://shipowner.io/whitepaper
• United Nations. (2019). Fact Sheet #13: World Seaborne Trade. U.N. Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). https://unctad.org/en/PublicationChapters/tdstat44_FS13_en.pdf
• United Nations. (2019). Fact Sheet #14: Merchant Fleet. U.N. Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). https://unctad.org/en/PublicationChapters/tdstat44_FS13_en.pdf
• United Nations. (2019). Fact Sheet #15: Maritime Transport Indicators. U.N. Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). https://unctad.org/en/PublicationChapters/tdstat44_FS13_en.pdf
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). (2018, October). Maritime Commerce Strategic Outlook. https://media.defense.gov/2018/Oct/05/2002049100/-1/-1/1/USCG%20MARITIME%20COMMERCE%20STRATEGIC%20OUTLOOK-RELEASABLE.PDF
• Visky, G., Lavrenovs, A., Orye, E., Heering, D., Tam, K., & Maennel, O.M. (2022, March). Multi-Purpose Cyber Environment for Maritime Sector. International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, 17(1). DOI: 10.34190/iccws.17.1.26
• Weaver, G.A., Feddersen, B., Marla, L., Wei, D., Rose, A., & Van Moera, M. (2022, April). Estimating Economic Losses From Cyber-attacks on Shipping Ports: An Optimization-based Approach. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 137. DOI: 10.1016/j.trc.2021.103423

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Chapter 2. Cybersecurity Basics

• Barker, W.C., Scarfone, K., Fisher, W., & Souppaya, M. (2021, June). Cybersecurity Framework Profile for Ransomware Risk Management. Preliminary Draft National Institute of Standards and Technology Interagency or Internal Report (NISTIR) 8374, U.S. Department of Commerce. https://csrc.nist.gov/CSRC/media/Publications/nistir/draft/documents/NIST.IR.8374-preliminary-draft.pdf
• Barsky, N. (2021, August 31). The SEC Exposed Cybersecurity's Fatal Flaw - Executive Resistance To Bad News. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/noahbarsky/2021/08/31/the-sec-exposed-cybersecuritys-fatal-flaw---executive-resistance-to-bad-news/?sh=37c8b2922339
• Biddle, S. (2016, August 19). The NSA Leak is Real, Snowden Documents Confirm. The Intercept. https://theintercept.com/2016/08/19/the-nsa-was-hacked-snowden-documents-confirm/
• Bracken, B. (2021, November 30). Lloyd's Carves Out Cyber-Insurance Exclusions for State-Sponsored Attacks. threatpost. https://threatpost.com/lloyds-cyber-insurance-exclusions/176669/
• Brenner, B. (2017, May 16). WannaCry: The Ransomware Worm That Didn't Arrive on a Phishing Hook. Naked Security. https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2017/05/17/wannacry-the-ransomware-worm-that-didnt-arrive-on-a-phishing-hook/
• Caltagirone, S., Pendergast, A., & Betz, C. (2013, May 7). The Diamond Model of Intrusion Analysis. Technical Report, U.S. Department of Defense. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA586960.pdf
• Cantelli-Forti, A, Colajanni, M., & Russo, S. (2023, October). Penetrating the Silence: Data Exfiltration in Maritime and Underwater Scenarios. 1st International Workshop on Maritime Communication and Security (MarCaS), 2023 IEEE 48th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Daytona Beach, FL, USA, 2-5 October 2023. DOI: 10.1109/LCN58197.2023.10223402
• Chambers, S. (2020, June 5). Number of Shipping Cyber Attacks Leaps 400% Since February. Splash247.com. https://splash247.com/number-of-shipping-cyber-attacks-leaps-400-since-february/
• Cimpanu, C. (2020, August 2). Google: Eleven Zero-Days Detected in the Wild in the First Half of 2020. ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-eleven-zero-days-detected-in-the-wild-in-the-first-half-of-2020/
• Cisco Systems. (n.d.). What is an Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)? https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/security/advanced-persistent-threat.html
• Cisco Systems. (n.d.). What is Malware? https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/security/advanced-malware-protection/what-is-malware.html
• Coker, J. (2021, August 9). Average Ransomware Demands Surge by 518% in 2021. Information Security Magazine. https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/ransomware-demands-surge-2021/
• Collier, K. (2019, May 10). Crippling Ransomware Attacks Targeting US Cities on the Rise. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/10/politics/ransomware-attacks-us-cities/index.html
• Cook, S. (2020, June 15). 2018-2020 Ransomware Statistics and Facts. Comparitech. https://www.comparitech.com/antivirus/ransomware-statistics/
• Cox, J. (2019, September 30). Legit-Looking iPhone Lightning Cables That Hack You Will be Mass Produced and Sold. Motherboard Tech by Vice. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/3kx5nk/fake-apple-lightning-cable-hacks-your-computer-omg-cable-mass-produced-sold
• Crawley, K. (2019, June 24). An Overview on Insider Attacks and Threat Awareness. AT&T Business. https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/security-essentials/insider-threats
• Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). (2021, December 23). Alert (AA21-356A): Mitigating Log4Shell and Other Log4j-Related Vulnerabilities. U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa21-356a
• Ebert, C., Rekik, Y., & Karade, R. (2020, March-April). Security Test. IEEE Software, 37(2), 13-20. DOI: 10.1109/MS.2019.2958354
• Epsco-Ra Introduces New Cybersecurity Assessment Method. (2021, April 22). Digital Ship. https://thedigitalship.com/news/maritime-satellite-communications/item/7261-epsco-ra-introduces-new-cybersecurity-assessment-method
• Erstad, E., Hopcraft, R., Palbar, J.D., & Tam, K. (2023, June). CERP: A Maritime Cyber Risk Decision Making Tool. TransNav, The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 17(2), 269-279. DOI: 10.12716/1001.17.02.02
• Farrell, H. (2017, April 15). Hackers Have Just Dumped a Treasure Trove of NSA Data. Here's What it Means. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/04/15/shadowy-hackers-have-just-dumped-a-treasure-trove-of-nsa-data-heres-what-it-means/
• FireEye. (n.d.). What is a Zero-Day Exploit? https://www.fireeye.com/current-threats/what-is-a-zero-day-exploit.html
• Gallagher, S. (2014, May 21). Sailor Convicted of Hacking Websites From Aboard Aircraft Carrier. Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/05/sailor-convicted-of-hacking-websites-from-aboard-aircraft-carrier/
• Gatlan, S. (2021, June 30). CISA Releases New Ransomware Self-Assessment Security Audit Tool. BleepingComputer. https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/cisa-releases-new-ransomware-self-assessment-security-audit-tool/
• Johnston, R.G. (2020, July). Security Maxims. Right Brain Sekurity. http://rbsekurity.com/Papers/Johnston_Security_Maxims.pdf
• Kim, D. & Solomon, M.G. (2018). Fundamentals of Information Systems Security, 3rd. ed. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
• Krebs, B. (2021, October 26). FBI Raids Chinese Point-of-Sale Giant PAX Technology. Krebs on Security. https://krebsonsecurity.com/2021/10/fbi-raids-chinese-point-of-sale-giant-pax-technology/
• Křoustek, J. (2017, May 12). WannaCry Ransomware That Infected Telefonica and NHS Hospitals is Spreading Aggressively, With Over 50,000 Attacks So Far Today. Avast Blog. https://blog.avast.com/ransomware-that-infected-telefonica-and-nhs-hospitals-is-spreading-aggressively-with-over-50000-attacks-so-far-today
• Kuhn, K. (2017, May-December). Cyber Risk Management in the Maritime Transportation System. Proceedings of the USCG Marine Safety & Security Council, 74(2), 65-69. https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/DCO%20Documents/Proceedings%20Magazine/Archive/2017/Vol74_No2_May-Dec2017.pdf?ver=2018-01-23-080144-327
• Lakshmanan, R. (2021, December 18). New Local Attack Vector Expands the Attack Surface of Log4j Vulnerability. The Hacker News. https://thehackernews.com/2021/12/new-local-attack-vector-expands-attack.html
• Mactavish, A. (2020, August 7). Cyber-Crime — A Continuing Concern. Seatrade Maritime News. https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/opinions-analysis/cyber-crime-continuing-concern
• Maloney, S. (2018, January 9). What is an Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)? Cybereason. https://www.cybereason.com/blog/advanced-persistent-threat-apt
• Malwarebytes. (n.d.). Malware. https://www.malwarebytes.com/malware/
• Mandiant. (2013, February 18). APT1: Exposing One of China's Espionage Units. https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf
• Mc Mahon, C. (2020, July 10). In Defence of the Human Factor. Frontiers of Psychology. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01390
• Meland, P.H., Nesheim, D.A., Bernsmed, K., & Sindre, G. (2022, February). Assessing Cyber Threats for Storyless Systems. Journal of Information Security and Applications, 64, article 103050. DOI: 10.1016/j.jisa.2021.103050
• Meskauskas, T. (2021, November 19). CoinTicker Trojan (Mac). PCrisk. https://www.pcrisk.com/removal-guides/13951-cointicker-trojan-mac
• Microsoft. (n.d.). Support for Windows 7 Has Ended. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/windows-7-end-of-life-support-information
• Microsoft. (n.d.). Support for Windows XP Ended. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/windows/end-of-windows-xp-support
• Multi-State Information Sharing and Analysis Center (MS-ISAC). (2020, September). Ransomware Guide. Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/CISA_MS-ISAC_Ransomware%20Guide_S508C.pdf
• Newman, L.H. (2017, May 12). The Ransomware Meltdown Experts Warned About is Here. WIRED. https://www.wired.com/2017/05/ransomware-meltdown-experts-warned/
• Newman, L.H. (2021, December 18). 'The Internet Is on Fire.' WIRED. https://www.wired.com/story/log4j-flaw-hacking-internet/
• Norton, Q. (2014, May 20). Everything is Broken. The Message. https://medium.com/message/everything-is-broken-81e5f33a24e1#.sc7pf19g3
• Onishchenko, O., Shumilova, K., Volyanskyy, S., Volyanskaya, Y., & Volianskyi, Y. (2022, March). Ensuring Cyber Resilience of Ship Information Systems. TransNav, The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 16(1), 43-50. DOI: 10.12716/1001.16.01.04
• Palmer, D. (2021, April 23). Ransomware's Perfect Target: Why One Industry Needs to Improve Cybersecurity, Before It's Too Late. ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/ransomwares-perfect-target-why-one-industry-needs-to-improve-cybersecurity-before-its-too-late/
• Parker, D.B. (2015). Toward a New Framework for Information Security? In S. Bosworth, M.E. Kabay, & E. Whyne (Eds.), Computer Security Handbook, 6th ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Petersen, R., Santos, D., Wetzel, K.A., Smith, M.C., & Witte, G. (2020, November). Workforce Framework for Cybersecurity (NICE Framework), Revision 1. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication (SP) 800-181, U.S. Department of Commerce. DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-181r1
• Petta, M. (2023). Malware, a Device Under the 1988 SUA Convention. International Law Studies, 100(1), 110-132. https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/ils/vol100/iss1/3/
• Popa, B. (2017, November 7). Chinese Keyboard Maker Caught Tracking Typed Keys on CustomerÕs Computers. Softpedia News. https://news.softpedia.com/news/chinese-keyboard-maker-caught-tracking-types-keys-on-customer-s-computers-518423.shtml
• Progoulakis, I., Nikitakos, N., Rohmeyer, P., Bunin, B., Dalaklis, D., & Karamperidis, S. (2021, January 22). Perspectives on Cyber Security for Offshore Oil and Gas Assets. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(2), 112. DOI: 10.3390/jmse9020112
• Radware. (2017, March 13). History of DDoS Attacks. https://security.radware.com/ddos-knowledge-center/ddos-chronicles/ddos-attacks-history/
• Ramzan, Z. (2010). Phishing Attacks and Countermeasures. In M. Stamp & P. Stavroulakis (Eds.), Handbook of Information and Communication Security, Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
• Ranka, D. (2013, September 5). Inside Dalai Lama Website Attacks: Analyzing the 'Watering Hole Attacks.' Network Intelligence. https://niiconsulting.com/checkmate/2013/09/inside-dalai-lama-website-attacks-analyzing-watering-hole-attacks/
• Rose, S. (2021, August 4). Planning for a Zero Trust Architecture: A Starting Guide for Administrators. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) DRAFT White Paper, U.S. Department of Commerce. DOI: 10.6028/NIST.CSWP.08042021-draft
• Rose, S., Borchert, O., Mitchell, S., & Connelly, S. (2020, August). Zero Trust Architecture. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication (SP) 800-207, U.S. Department of Commerce. DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-207
• Ross, R., Pillitteri, V., Dempsey, K., Riddle, M., & Guissanie, G. (2020, February). Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information in Nonfederal Systems and Organizations, Revision 2. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication (SP) 800-171, U.S. Department of Commerce. DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-171r2
• Soner, O., Kayisoglu, G., Bolat, P., & Tam K. (2024, October 1). An Investigation of Ransomware Incidents in the Maritime Industry: Exploring the Key Risk Factors. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability. DOI: 10.1177/1748006X241283093
• Stewart, K.C., & Hoover, A. (2020, March 30). An Introduction to the Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification. Software Engineering Institute blog, Carnegie Mellon University. https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/blog/an-introduction-to-the-cybersecurity-maturity-model-certification-cmmc/
• Svilicic, B. , Kamahara, J., Rooks, M., & Yano, Y. (2019, September). Maritime Cyber Risk Management: An Experimental Ship Assessment. The Journal of Navigation, 72(5), 1108-1120. DOI: 10.1017/S0373463318001157
• Symantec Security Response. (2012, December 31). Internet Explorer Zero-Day Used in Watering Hole Attack: Q&A. Symantec Official Blog. https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/internet-explorer-zero-day-used-watering-hole-attack-qa
• Tam, K., Forshaw, K., & Jones, K. (2022, August 18). Method and System for Dynamically Assessing Current Risk Associated With a Maritime Activity. United States Patent Application 20220261483. https://www.freepatentsonline.com/20220261483.pdf
• Tam, K., & Jones, K. (2019, January 28). MaCRA: A Model-based Framework for Maritime Cyber-risk Assessment. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 18, 129-163. DOI: 10.1007/s13437-019-00162-2
• Tatar, U., Karabacak, B., Keskin, O.F., & .Foti, D.P. (2024, October). Charting New Waters with CRAMMTS: A Survey-Driven Cybersecurity Risk Analysis Method for Maritime Stakeholders. Computers & Security, 145, 104015. DOI: 10.1016/j.cose.2024.104015
• Tischer, M., Durumeric, Z., Bursztein, E., & Bailey, M. (2017, March/April). The Danger of USB Drives. IEEE Security & Privacy, 15(2), 62-69. DOI: 10.1109/MSP.2017.41
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• Tucci, A., Egan, D., Nelson, C., Roberts, F., Vijayagopal , L, & Whytlaw, R. (2023, Summer). Complex Risk Factors and Cascading Consequences in the Maritime Supply Chain. Proceedings of the USCG Marine Safety & Security Council, 80(1), 88-95. https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/DCO%20Documents/Proceedings%20Magazine/Archive/2023/Vol80_No1_Sum23.pdf
• U.S. Department of Justice, Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), National Security Agency (NSA), Australian Cyber Security Centre, & U.K. National Cyber Security Centre. (2022, February 9). 2021 Trends Show Increased Globalized Threat of Ransomware. Joint Cybersecurity Advisory, Prodcut ID: AA22-040A. https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa22-040a
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• Zetter, K. (2014, May 7). Network Admin Allegedly Hacked Navy — While on an Aircraft Carrier. WIRED. https://www.wired.com/2014/05/navy-sysadmin-hacking/

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Chapter 3. Case Studies: Cyber Attacks on the Maritime Sector

• Abrams, L. (2018, August 28). Beware of Fake "Shipping Docs" Malspam Pushing the DarkComet RAT. Bleeping Computer. https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/beware-of-fake-shipping-docs-malspam-pushing-the-darkcomet-rat/
• Australian Shipbuilder Austal Hit by Cyber Attack, Extortion Attempt. (2018, November 2). NavalToday.com. https://www.navaltoday.com/2018/11/02/australian-shipbuilder-austal-hit-by-cyber-attack-extortion-attempt/
• Bank of England. (2022, January). General Insurance Stress Test 2022: Scenario Specification, Guidelines and Instructions (DRAFT). Prudential Regulation Authority. https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/prudential-regulation/letter/2022/january/general-insurance-stress-test-2022-instructions.pdf
• Bankes-Hughes, L. (2015, August 27). Global: Limassol-based Shipping Company Victim of Cyber Fraud. Bunkerspot. https://www.bunkerspot.com/latest-news/40447-global-limassol-based-shipping-company-victim-of-cyber-fraud
• Birkett, H. (2015, August 27). Hackers Steal $644,000 From a Cyprus Shipping Company. Splash247.com. https://splash247.com/hackers-steal-644000-from-a-cyprus-shipping-company/
• Bochman, A., & Ralby, I. (2021, December 6). Cybersecurity Concerns for the Energy Sector in the Maritime Domain. Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CYBERSECURITY-CONCERNS-FOR-THE-ENERGY-SECTOR-IN-THE-MARITIME-DOMAIN-v4.pdf
• Bogle, A. (2018, March 15). Svitzer Employee Details Stolen in Data Breach Affecting Almost Half of its Australian Employees. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-03-15/sensitive-data-stolen-from-global-shipping-company-svitzer/9552600
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• Clavijo Mesa, M.V., Patino-Rodriguez, C.E., & Guevara Carazas, F.J. (2024, NOVE,BER). Cybersecurity at Sea: A Literature Review of Cyber-Attack Impacts and Defenses in Maritime Supply Chains. Information, 15(11), 710. DOI: 10.3390/info15110710
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• Ghosh, A. (2017, May 16). WannaCry: List of Major Companies and Networks Hit by Ransomware Around the Globe. International Business Times. https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/wannacry-list-major-companies-networks-hit-by-deadly-ransomware-around-globe-1621587
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[Top of Section | Top of Page]
Chapter 4. Ports and Cybersecurity

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• Elkins, L. (2019, November 5). The 6th Warfighting Domain. Over The Horizon. https://othjournal.com/2019/11/05/the-6th-warfighting-domain/
• Esage, A. (2018, September 26). Hacking Attack in Port of Barcelona. Information Security Newspaper. https://www.securitynewspaper.com/2018/09/26/hacking-attack-in-port-of-barcelona/
• Fredrickson, K. (2021, May 9). Marine Transportation System (MTS) Cyber Spotlight: Approaching deadlines for incorporating cyber into Facility Security Assessments (FSA) and Facility Security Plans (FSP). Coast Guard Maritime Commons. https://mariners.coastguard.blog/2021/05/09/marine-transportation-system-mts-cyber-spotlight/
• Hale, Z. (2018, March 13). Port of Longview Hit With Major Cyberattack. The Daily News. http://tdn.com/news/local/port-of-longview-hit-with-major-cyberattack/article_25102b63-d897-5cfd-b16b-ffec70545d1d.html
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• ISRAEL: Water Command and Control Infrastructure Came Under Cyber-Attack. (2020, May 10). SyriacPress. https://syriacpress.com/blog/2020/05/10/israel-israeli-water-infrastructure-came-cyber-attacked/
• Joffre, T. (2020, May 11). Cyber Attack Targets Iranian Port Near Strait of Hormuz. The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/cyber-attack-targets-iranian-port-near-strait-of-hormuz-627616
• Kim, N., Herr, T., & Schneier, B. (2020, June). The Reverse Cascade: Enforcing Security on the Global IoT Supply Chain. Cyber Statecraft Initiative, Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security, Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Reverse-Cascade-Report-web.pdf
• Kochetkova, K. (2015, May 22). Maritime Industry is Easy Meat For Cyber Criminals. Kaspersky Daily. https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/maritime-cyber-security/8796/
• Konrad, J. (2022, July 24). Port Of LA Calls FBI After Cyber Attacks Double. gCaptain. https://gcaptain.com/port-of-la-calls-fbi-after-cyber-attacks-double/
• Kovacs, E. (2018, September 28). Port of San Diego Hit by Ransomware. SecurityWeek. https://www.securityweek.com/port-san-diego-hit-ransomware
• Kuhn, K., Kipkech, J., & Shaikh, S. (2021, June). Maritime Ports and Cybersecurity. In M. Fiorini & N. Gupta (eds.), ICT Solutions and Digitalisation in Ports and Shipping, Institution of Engineering and Technology, Chap. 2, pp. 37-68. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kristen-Kuhn-3/publication/353218415_Maritime_ports_and_cybersecurity/links/621f73d439529602315b02cd/Maritime-ports-and-cybersecurity.pdf
• Lampert, E. (2019, March 14). Port Security is so Much More Than Guns, Gates, and Guards. Riviera. https://www.rivieramm.com/news-content-hub/news-content-hub/port-security-is-so-much-more-than-guns-gates-and-guards-54177
• Liu, H., Tian, Z., Huang, A., & Yang, Z. (2018, January). Analysis of Vulnerabilities in Maritime Supply Chains. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 169, 475-484. DOI: 10.1016/j.ress.2017.09.018
• Loock, J. (2019, May 23). Singapore Opens Maritime Cybersecurity Operations Centre (MSOC). Maritime Security Review. http://www.marsecreview.com/2019/05/singapore-opens-maritime-cybersecurity-operations-centre-msoc/
• Maritime & Port Security Information Sharing & Analysis Organization (MPS-ISAO). (2017, September 27). W2 Social Engineering Incident Affecting U.S. Port. Tactical Intelligence Cyber Report TR-127-2017.
• Maritime & Port Security Information Sharing & Analysis Organization (MPS-ISAO). (2018, February 20). Imposter Phone Lure. Warning Report MPS-2018-002.
• Maritime & Port Security Information Sharing & Analysis Organization (MPS-ISAO). (2018, June 8). Successful Phish Leads to Secondary Attacks. Warning Report WR-18-0013.
• McNicholas, M.A. (Ed.) (2016). Maritime Security: An Introduction, 2/e. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
• Mims, C. (2021). Arriving Today: From Factory to Front Door — Why Everything Has Changed About How and What We Buy. New York: Harper Business.
• Moara-Nkwe, K., Tam, K., Hopcraft, R., & Jones, K. (2022, August). Simulation Modelling of Maritime Port Operations: Analysing the Impacts of Disruptions on Ports. Maritime Cyber Threats Research Group, University Of Plymouth. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362518077_Simulation_Modelling_of_Maritime_Port_Operations_Analysing_the_Impacts_of_Disruptions_on_Ports
• Mongelluzzo, B. (2019, April 26). Port of LA Enlists Industry to Fend Off Cyber Threats. Joc.com. https://www.joc.com/port-news/us-ports/port-los-angeles/port-la-enlists-industry-fend-cyber-threats_20190426.html
• Munro, K. (2018, September 21). Container Theft, the Legal System, and Poor Maritime Security. Pen Test Partners. https://www.pentestpartners.com/security-blog/container-theft-the-legal-system-and-poor-maritime-security/
• Nicaise, V. (2022, September 1). Cybermarétique: A Short History of Cyberattacks Against Ports. Stormshield. https://www.stormshield.com/news/cybermaretique-a-short-history-of-cyberattacks-against-ports/
• Pasternack, A. (2013, October 21). To Move Drugs, Traffickers Are Hacking Shipping Containers. Motherboard. https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/bmjgk8/how-traffickers-hack-shipping-containers-to-move-drugs
• Petta, M.C. (2021, September 29). Port Cybersecurity: Incorporating the IAPH's New Guidelines into the ISPS Code. Center for International Maritime Security (CIMSEC. https://cimsec.org/incorporating-the-iaphs-new-cybersecurity-guidelines-into-the-international-ship-and-port-facility-security-code/
• Polemi, N. (2018). Port Cybersecurity: Securing Critical Information Infrastructures and Supply Chains. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
• Port Technology International Team. (2022, January 25). Port of Los Angeles Launches Cyber Resilience Center. Port Technology. https://www.porttechnology.org/news/port-of-los-angeles-launches-cyber-resilience-center/
• Rowsell, J. (2021, August 3). Supply Chain Cyber Attacks to 'Quadruple.' Supply Management. https://www.cips.org/supply-management/news/2021/august/supply-chain-cyber-attacks-to-quadruple/
• Ross, J.A.J., Walker, D.J., Tam, K., & Jones, K.D. (2022, June 1). Towards a Digital Twin of a Complex Maritime Site for Multi-Objective Optimization. University of Plymouth Pedagogic Research and Development Database. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/19279
• Scully, B.M., & Chambers, K.F. (2019, Septeber 12). Measuring Port Disruptions with Automatic Identification System Data. In P. Jain & W.S. Stahlman III (eds.), Ports 2019: Port Planning and Development, Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 311-321. DOI: 10.1061/9780784482629.030
• Senarak, C. (2023, December 6). Port Ccyberattacks From 2011 to 2023: A Literature Review and Discussion of Selected Cases. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 26, 105–130. DOI: 10.1057/s41278-023-00276-8
• Tam, K., Hopcraft, R., Moara-Nkwe, K., Misas, J.P., Andrews, W., Harish, A.V., Giménez, P, Crichton, T., & Jones, K. (2021, December 6). Case Study of a Cyber-Physical Attack Affecting Port and Ship Operational Safety. Journal of Transportation Technologies, 12(1), 1-27. DOI: 10.4236/jtts.2022.121001
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). (n.d.). U.S. Coast Guard Maritime Security (MARSEC) Levels. https://www.uscg.mil/What-Is-MARSEC/
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). (2023, January). Maritime Cybersecurity Assessment and Annex Guide (MCAAG). USCG Office of Port & Facility Compliance - Cybersecurity and USCG Cyber Command - Maritime Cyber Readiness Branch. https://dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/CG-FAC/Documents/Maritime%20Cyber%20Assessment%20%20Annex%20Guide%20(MCAAG)_released%2023JAN2023.pdf?ver=NE11YUspj_kNa3xRoMd0TQ%3d%3d
• Warrick, J., & Nakashima, E. (2020, May 18). Officials: Israel Linked to a Disruptive Cyberattack on Iranian Port Facility. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/officials-israel-linked-to-a-disruptive-cyberattack-on-iranian-port-facility/2020/05/18/9d1da866-9942-11ea-89fd-28fb313d1886_story.html
• Watkins, E. (2019, April 26). Port of Los Angeles Moves to Counter Maritime Cyber Crime. Lloyd's List. https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/LL1127221/Port-of-Los-Angeles-moves-to-counter-maritime-cyber-crime
• Wingrove, M. (2020, November 23). Cyber Attack Shuts Down US Port Servers. https://www.rivieramm.com/news-content-hub/news-content-hub/cyber-attack-shuts-down-us-port-servers-61955
• Xin, L. (2023). A Ship Network Security Assessment Model. 2023 2nd Asia Conference on Electrical, Power and Computer Engineering (EPCE), Xiamen, China, April 22-24, 2023, pp. 23-27. DOI: 10.1109/EPCE58798.2023.00013
• Young, D.L., Scully, B.M., & Chambers, K.F. (2022, March 16). Resilience-Focused Analysis of the United States Maritime Transportation System Using Automatic Identification System Data. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2676(7), 726-742. DOI: 10.1177/03611981221082561

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Chapter 5. Shipboard Communication Systems

• Atlas Obscura. (n.d.). The Zenobia Shipwreck. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-zenobia-shipwreck-larnaca-cyprus
• Bacon, J. (2019, September 9.) Four Missing After Ship Capsizes, Burns Near Georgia Coast. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/09/08/four-missing-after-ship-capsizes-burns-near-georgia-coast/2255568001/
• Caprolu, M., Di Pietro, R., Raponi, S., Sciancalepore, S, & Tedeschi, P. (2020, June). Vessels Cybersecurity: Issues, Challenges, and the Road Ahead. IEEE Communications Magazine, 58(6), 90-96. DOI: 10.1109/MCOM.001.1900632
• CERT Coordination Center (CERT/CC). (2018, October 16). Auto-Maskin DCU 210E RP 210E and Marine Pro Observer App. Vulnerability Note VU#176301. Carnegie Mellon University, Software Engineering Institute. https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/176301/
• Chowdhury, S. (2016, January 20). Italian Marines Case: Two Killings at Sea, An International Legal Battle. The Indian Express. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/simply-put-2-killings-at-sea-an-international-legal-battle/
• Clifton, P. (2016, March 17). Hoegh Osaka Ship Was 'Unstable' When it Left Southampton Port. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-35823182
• Cyber Pirates Prowling Ship Controls Threaten Another Big Shock. (2022, July 11). SupplyChainBrain. https://www.supplychainbrain.com/articles/35287-cyber-pirates-prowling-ship-controls-threaten-another-big-shock
• Degnarain, N. (2020, November 6). Captain's Noon Reports Crucial Missing Evidence For Mauritius Oil Spill Ship. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/nishandegnarain/2020/11/06/captains-noon-reports-crucial-missing-evidence-for-mauritius-oil-spill-ship/?sh=16f204841a67
• Dewey, C.M. (2016, December 19). Pentesting Cruise Ships OR Hacking the High Seas [video]. Hackfest HF. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-LmM43dz7vo
• Fantasia & Fiesta. (n.d.). Forgotten Sister: The Zenobia Story. http://www.hhvferry.com/zenobia.html
• Franceschi-Bicchierai, L. (2015, December 9). Pirate Hackers Can Easily Spy on Ships Through Insecure 'Black Boxes.' Motherboard. https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/53dzn5/pirate-hackers-can-easily-spy-on-ships-through-insecure-black-boxes
• Goodin, D. (2020, August 5). Insecure Satellite Internet is Threatening Ship and Plane Safety. Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2020/08/insecure-satellite-internet-is-threatening-ship-and-plane-safety/
• Hamill-Stewart, J., & Sallay, A. (ed.). (2023, May 23). VSAT Connectivity Comes With Cybersecurity Threats to Vessels. The Maritime Executive. https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/vsat-connectivity-comes-with-cybersecurity-threats-to-vessels
• Hamilton, M.K. (2019). 4 Tips for Cruise Ship Cybersecurity. Critical Insight. https://www.criticalinsight.com/resources/news/article/4-tips-for-cruise-ship-cybersecurity
• Harish, A.V., Tam, K., & Jones, K. (2022, November). Investigating the Security and Accessibility of Voyage Data Recorder Data Using a USB Attack. CYBER 2022: The Seventh International Conference on Cyber-Technologies and Cyber-Systems. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kimberly-Tam/publication/365365607_Investigating_the_Security_and_Accessibility_of_Voyage_Data_Recorder_Data_using_a_USB_attack/links/6372430154eb5f547cd13623/Investigating-the-Security-and-Accessibility-of-Voyage-Data-Recorder-Data-using-a-USB-attack.pdf
• Hopcraft, R., Harish, A.V., Tam, K., & Jones, K. (2023, January 24). Raising the Standard of Maritime Voyage Data Recorder Security. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(2), 267. DOI: 10.3390/jmse11020267
• Iran's Secret Cyber Files On How Cargo Ships and Petrol Stations Could Be Attacked. (2021, July 27). IFMAT. https://www.ifmat.org/07/27/irans-secret-cyber-files-on-how-cargo-ships-and-petrol-stations-could-be-attacked/
• Jackson, G. (2019, October 3). Pilot Praised For Decision to Ground Golden Ray. The Brunswick News. https://thebrunswicknews.com/news/local_news/pilot-praised-for-decision-to-ground-golden-ray/article_9bb34ae1-eae5-5dd4-a08d-6feeccc1d05b.html
• Jeon, D.K., & Lee, Y. (2014). A ship area network with WiMedia wireless gateway applying a cooperative transmission. Contemporary Engineering Sciences, 7(23), 1235-1243. DOI: 10.12988/ces.2014.49153
• Jo, Y., Choi, O., You, J., Cha, Y., & Lee, D.H. (2022, February 26). Cyberattack Models for Ship Equipment based on the MITRE ATT&CK Framework. Sensors, 22(5), 1860. DOI: 10.3390/s22051860
• Kang, J., Moon, D., & Kim, J. (2014, January 9). Building Communication Interface in Ship Area Network for Merchant Marine: A Practical Approach. 2013 13th International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS 2013), October 20-23, 2013. DOI: 10.1109/ICCAS.2013.6704107
• Kayisoglu, G., Bolat, P., & Tam, K. (2023, December 15). A Novel Application of the CORAS Framework for Ensuring Cyber Hygiene on Shipboard RADAR. Journal of Marine Engineering & Technology. DOI: 10.1080/20464177.2023.2292782
• Kessler, G.C. (2021, September). The CAN Bus in the Maritime Environment - Technical Overview and Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities. TransNav, The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 15(3), 531-540. DOI: 10.12716/1001.15.03.05
• Krile, S., Kezić, D., & Dimc, F. (2013). NMEA Communication Standard for Shipboard Data Architecture. OUR SEA: International Journal of Maritime Science & Technology, 60(3-4), 68–81. https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/162159
• Leyden, J. (2017, November 20). Container Ship Loading Plans Are 'Easily Hackable.' The Register. https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/11/20/container_ship_loading_software_mischief/
• Luft, L.A., Anderson, L., & Cassidy, F. (2002). NMEA 2000 A Digital Interface for the 21st Century. 2002 National Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, San Diego, California, January 28–30, 2002, pp. 796–807. https://www.nmea.org/Assets/nmea-2000-digital-interface-white-paper.pdf
• Maritime & Port Security Information Sharing & Analysis Organization (MPS-ISAO). (2017, September 29). Vessel Video Camera Hack Update. Tactical Cyber Intelligence Report TR-130-2017.
• Maritime & Port Security Information Sharing & Analysis Organization (MPS-ISAO). (2017, October 20). VSAT and "x0rz." Tactical Intelligence Report TR-131-2017.
• Maritime & Port Security Information Sharing & Analysis Organization (MPS-ISAO). (2018, October 12). Social Media Claim — Vessel Camera Hack. Warning Report WR-18-10-07.
• McGarry, C., Clay, A., & Sage-Passant, L. (host). (2022, October 13). How to get on a Watchlist Episode 7: How to Hijack a Ship [Podcast]. Encyclopedia Geopolitica. https://encyclopediageopolitica.com/2022/10/13/how-to-get-on-a-watchlist-episode-7-how-to-hijack-a-ship/
• McNally, M. (2022, February 23). Cybersecurity for the Increasingly Connected Ship. The Maritime Executive. https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/cybersecurity-for-the-increasingly-connected-ship
• Mehta, J., Richard, G., Lugosch, L., Yu, D., & Meyer, B.H. (2023, January). DT-DS: CAN Intrusion Detection with Decision Tree Ensembles. ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems. DOI: 10.1145/3566132
• Munro, K. (2017, October 13). OSINT From Ship Satcoms. Pen Test Partners. https://www.pentestpartners.com/security-blog/osint-from-ship-satcoms/
• Munro, K. (2017, November 16). Sinking Container Ships by Hacking Load Plan Software. Pen Test Partner. https://www.pentestpartners.com/security-blog/sinking-container-ships-by-hacking-load-plan-software/
• Munro, K. (2017, November 17). Making Prawn Espressos, or Hacking Ships by Deciphering BAPLIE EDIFACT Messaging. Pen Test Partners. https://www.pentestpartners.com/security-blog/making-prawn-espressos-or-hacking-ships-by-deciphering-baplie-edifact-messaging/
• Munro, K. (2017, December 13). Sinking Bulk Carrier Ships by Hacking HSMS. Pen Test Partners. https://www.pentestpartners.com/security-blog/sinking-bulk-carrier-ships-by-hacking-hsms/
• Munro, K. (2018, June 25). Hacking Serial Networks on Ships. Pen Test Partners. https://www.pentestpartners.com/security-blog/hacking-serial-networks-on-ships/
• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (2014, July 14). CVE-2013-6117-Detail. National Vulnerability Database. https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-6117
• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (2019, October 2). CVE-2017-6343-Detail. National Vulnerability Database. https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-6343
• National Security Agency (NSA). (2022, January 25). Protecting VSAT Communications. Cybersecurity Advisory (CSA). https://media.defense.gov/2022/Jan/25/2002927101/-1/-1/0/CSA_PROTECTING_VSAT_COMMUNICATIONS_01252022.PDF
• Nichols, S. (2016, April 11). Half of People Plug in USB Drives They Find in the Parking Lot. The Register. https://www.theregister.com/2016/04/11/half_plug_in_found_drives/
• Osborne, C. (2017, October 26). Hackers Can Gain Access to Maritime Ship Data Through a Built-In Backdoor. ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/hackers-gain-full-access-to-maritime-ships/
• Oslund, M. (2023, September/October). Standards Update: How Vulnerable is NMEA 2000 to Cyberattacks? Marine Electronics Journal, 33(5), 12, 50. https://www.marineelectronicsjournal-digital.com/marineelectronicsjournal/september_october_2023
• Pavur, J., Mosery, D., Strohmeiery, M., Lendersy, V., & Martinovic, I. (2020, May). A Tale of Sea and Sky On the Security of Maritime VSAT Communications. 2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), San Francisco, May 18-21, 2020. DOI: 10.1109/SP40000.2020.00056
• Ramsay, S. (2014). Maritime Domain Awareness and Security Imperatives. SP's Naval Forces, 4. http://www.spsnavalforces.com/story/?id=336
• Rinner, B. (2019, May). Can We Trust Smart Cameras? IEEE Computer Magazine, 52(5): 67-70. 10.1109/MC.2019.2905171
• Robinson, E. (2020, May 29). We Hacked A Ship. The Owner is Liable. Digital Ship. https://thedigitalship.com/news/maritime-satellite-communications/item/6597-we-hacked-a-ship-the-owner-is-liable
• Rødseth, Ø.J. (2023, September). Onboard Maritime ICT Architecture and Standards Intelligent Ship Transport System. Intelligent Ship Transport System (ISTS) Report R3.1, V1.2 – 2023-09-16. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.15434.34246
• Santamarta, R. (2014). A Wake-Up Call For SATCOM Security. IOActive Technical White Paper. https://ioactive.com/pdfs/IOActive_SATCOM_Security_WhitePaper.pdf
• Santamarta, R. (2015, December 9). Maritime Security: Hacking Into a Voyage Data Recorder (VDR). IOActive Research Paper. https://ioactive.com/maritime-security-hacking-into-a-voyage-data-recorder-vdr/
• Santamarta, R. (2018, August). Last Call For SATCOM Security. IOActive White Paper. http://i.blackhat.com/us-18/Thu-August-9/us-18-Santamarta-Last-Call-For-Satcom-Security-wp.pdf
• Schnelle O. (1995). CAN Networks in Ship Automation Systems. 2nd International CAN Conference (ICC 1995), London. https://www.can-cia.org/fileadmin/resources/documents/proceedings/1995_schnelle.pdf
• Seals, T. (2019, October 15). On-Board 'Mystery Boxes' Threaten Global Shipping Vessels. Threatpost. https://threatpost.com/on-board-mystery-boxes-threaten-global-shipping-vessels/149211/
• Several Wounded After Cargo Ship Capsizes in Southern Iran. (2019, March 19). Iran Front Page. https://ifpnews.com/several-wounded-after-cargo-ship-capsizes-in-southern-iran
• Söner, Ö., Kayisoglu, G., Bolat, P., & Tam., K. (2023, January). Cybersecurity Risk Assessment of VDR. The Journal of Navigation. DOI: 10.1017/S0373463322000595
• Talamantes, J. (n.d.). USB Drop Attacks: The Danger of "Lost and Found" Thumb Drives. RedTeam. https://www.redteamsecure.com/blog/usb-drop-attacks-the-danger-of-lost-and-found-thumb-drives/
• Tests Show Ease of Hacking ECDIS, Radar and Machinery. (2017, December 21). The Maritime Executive. https://maritime-executive.com/article/tests-show-ease-of-hacking-ecdis-radar-and-machinery
• Tran, K., Keene, S., Fretheim, E., & Tsikerdekis, M. (2021, April 21). Marine Network Protocols and Security Risks. Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy, 2021(1), 239-251. DOI: 10.3390/jcp1020013
• Tucker, P. (2015, August 6). Hacker Cracks Satellite Communications Network. Defense One. http://www.defenseone.com/technology/2015/08/hacker-cracks-satellite-communications-network/118915/
• United Nations Directories for Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce and Transport (UN/EDIFACT). (2021, November 15). Bayplan/Stowage Plan Occupied and Empty Locations Message (BAPLIE), Version D, Release 21B. https://service.unece.org/trade/untdid/latest/trmd/baplie_c.htm
• United Nations Directories for Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce and Transport (UN/EDIFACT). (2021, November 15). Container Gate-In/Gate-Out Report Message (CODECO), Version D, Release 21B. https://service.unece.org/trade/untdid/latest/trmd/codeco_c.htm
• United Nations Directories for Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce and Transport (UN/EDIFACT). (2021, November 15). Container Discharge/Loading Order Message (COPRAR), Version D, Release 21B. https://service.unece.org/trade/untdid/latest/trmd/coprar_c.htm
• United Nations Directories for Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce and Transport (UN/EDIFACT). (2021, November 15). Verified Gross Mass Message (VERMAS), Version D, Release 21B. https://service.unece.org/trade/untdid/latest/trmd/vermas_c.htm
• USB Rubber Ducky. (n.d.). Hak5. http://hakshop.myshopify.com/collections/usb-rubber-ducky
• Wee, V. (2017, December 22). Naval Dome Exposes Vessel Vulnerabilities to Cyber Attack. Seatrade Maritime News. https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/asia/naval-dome-exposes-vessel-vulnerabilities-cyber-attack
• Wolsing, K., Saillard, A., Bauer, J., Wagner, E., van Sloun, C., Fink, I.B., Schmidt, M., Wehrle, K., & Henze, M. (2022, September). Network Attacks Against Marine Radar Systems: A Taxonomy, Simulation Environment, and Dataset. IEEE 47th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. DOI: 10.1109/LCN53696.2022.9843801
• Zorz, Z. (2017, October 26). Critical Flaws in Maritime Comms System Could Endanger Entire Ships. Help Net Security. https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2017/10/26/critical-flaws-maritime-comms-system/
• Zorz, Z. (2018, June 7). Vulnerable Ship Systems: Many Left Exposed to Hacking. Help Net Security. https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2018/06/07/vulnerable-ship-systems/

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Chapter 6. Navigation Systems

• AIS BlackToolkit. (2020, May 11). https://github.com/trendmicro/ais
• Aitken, P. (2020, August 8). Chinese Fleet Fishing Near Galapagos Protected Waters, Allegedly Falsifying GPS Location. Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/world/chinese-fleet-fishing-near-galapagos-protected-waters-allegedly-falsifying-gps-location
• Akarca, O. (2019, May 24). The World's Top 10 Strategic Straits and Channels. More Than Shipping. https://www.morethanshipping.com/the-worlds-top-10-strategic-straits-and-channels/
• Amro, A., & Gkioulos, V. (2022, September). From Click To Sink: Utilizing AIS for Command and Control in Maritime Cyber Attacks. 27th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security (ESORICS) 2022, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 535-553. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), 13556. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-17143-7_26 [[ VIDEO ]]
• Amro, A., Oruç, A., Gkioulos, V., & Katsikas, S. (2022, February 23). Navigation Data Anomaly Analysis and Detection. Information, 13(3), 104. DOI: 10.3390/info13030104
• Anderson, J.M., Carroll, K.L., DeVilbiss, N.P., Gillis, J.T., Hinks, J.C., O'Hanlon, B.W., Rushanan, J.J., Scott, L., & Yazdi, R.A. (2017, September). Chips-Message Robust Authentication (Chimera) for GPS Civilian Signals. 30th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2017), Portland, Oregon, pp. 2388-2416. DOI: 10.33012/2017.15206
• Armenzoni, A., Pili, G., & Kessler, G.C. (2024, June 5). Mass AIS Spoofing Event "Moves" Dozens of Ships to Crimean Airport. The Maritime Executive. https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/mass-ais-spoofing-event-moves-dozens-of-ships-to-crimean-airport
• Armenzoni, A., Pili, G., & Kessler, G.C. (2024, June 13). Red Flags: Russian Oil Tradecraft in the Mediterranean Sea. Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute, 150(6), 1456. https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2024/june/red-flags-russian-oil-tradecraft-mediterranean-sea
• Automatic Identification System (AIS), 33 C.F.R. § 164.46 (2020). https://www.govregs.com/regulations/33/164.46
• Awan, M.S.K., & Al Ghamdi, M.A. (2019, October 2). Understanding the Vulnerabilities in Digital Components of An Integrated Bridge System (IBS). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 7(10), 350. DOI: 10.3390/jmse7100350
• Baker, R. (2019, October 2). OSINT on the Ocean: Maritime Intelligence Gathering Techniques. wondersmith_rae blog. https://wondersmithrae.medium.com/osint-on-the-ocean-maritime-intelligence-gathering-techniques-2ee39e554fe1
• Baker, R. (2021, April 12). 6 Tips For Investigating Maritime Vessels. wondersmith_rae blog. https://wondersmithrae.medium.com/6-tips-for-investigating-maritime-vessels-77e9c8bf75
• Balduzzi, M., Pasta, A., & Wilhoit, K. (2014, December). A Security Evaluation of AIS Automated Identification System. 30th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC '14), New Orleans, Louisiana, December 8-12, 2014, pp. 436-445. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.694.7968&type=pdf
• Balduzzi, M., Wilhoit, K., & Pasta, A. (2014, December). A Security Evaluation of AIS. Trend Micro Research Paper. https://www.trendmicro.com/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-a-security-evaluation-of-ais.pdf
• Bergman, B. (2019, December 12). Systematic GPS Manipulation Occuring at Chinese Oil Terminals and Government Installations. SkyTruth. https://skytruth.org/2019/12/systematic-gps-manipulation-occuring-at-chinese-oil-terminals-and-government-installations/
• Bergman, B. (2020, May 26). AIS Ship Tracking Data Shows False Vessel Tracks Circling Above Point Reyes, Near San Francisco. SkyTruth. https://skytruth.org/2020/05/ais-ship-tracking-data-shows-false-vessel-tracks-circling-above-point-reyes-near-san-francisco/
• Bergman, B. (2021, July 29). Systematic Data Analysis Reveals False Vessel Tracks. Global Fishing Watch. https://globalfishingwatch.org/data/analysis-reveals-false-vessel-tracks/
• Berkowitz, M.J. (2024, July 18).America's Asymmetric Vulnerability to Navigation Warfare: Leadership and Strategic Direction Needed to Mitigate Significant Threats. National Security Space Association. https://rntfnd.us3.list-manage.com/track/click?u=06a79dfa9d702640cd0cee682&id=78f635e918&e=45ff616045
• Bhatti, J., & Humphreys, T.E. (2017, May 7. Hostile Control of Ships via False GPS Signals: Demonstration and Detection. NAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation, 64(1), 51-66. DOI: 10.1002/navi.183
• Bockmann, M.W. (2019, August 16). Seized UK Tanker Likely 'Spoofed' by Iran. Lloyd's List. https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/LL1128820/Seized-UK-tanker-likely-spoofed-by-Iran
• Boling, A., Kuo, L., Snyder, L., & Sung, L. (2021, September 9). UNMASKED: Vessel Identity Laundering and North Korea's Maritime Sanctions Evasion. Center for Advanced Defense Studies (C4ADS). https://c4ads.org/s/Unmasked-North-Korea-Vessel-Identity-Laundering-ntbe.pdf
• Bransby, M. (2018, November 1). Innovation: An Alternative to GNSS for Maritime Positioning. GPS World. https://www.gpsworld.com/innovation-an-alternative-to-gnss-for-maritime-positioning/
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• Oruc, A., Kavallieratos, G., Gkioulos, V., & Katsikas, S. (2024, March). Cyber Risk Assessment for SHips (CRASH). TransNav, The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 18(1), 115-124. DOI: 10.12716/1001.18.01.10
• Oruc, M.F., & Altan, Y.C. (2023, April 28). Risky Maritime Encounter Patterns via Clustering. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(5), 950. DOI: 10.3390/jmse11050950
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• Pérez Marcos, E., Konovaltsev, A., Caizzone, S., Cuntz, M., Yinusa, K., Elmarissi, W., & Meurer, M. (2018, September). Interference and Spoofing Detection for GNSS Maritime Applications using Direction of Arrival and Conformal Antenna Array. 31st International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2018), Miami, Florida, September 24-28, 2018, pp. 2907-2922. DOI: 10.33012/2018.15901
• Pili, G., Armenzoni, A., Kessler, G., & Zorri, D. (2024, August, in press). Shadow Fleets and the Ghosts of the Soviet Squadron — Russia in the Mediterranean Sea Between Opportunism and Realpolitik. NATO Defence College.
• PNT and Great Power Competition. (2023, June 30). Resilient Navigation and Timing (RNT) Foundation blog. https://rntfnd.org/2023/06/30/pnt-and-great-power-competition/
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• Poling, G.B., Mallory, T.B., & Prétat, H. (2021, November). Pulling Back the Curtain on China's Maritime Militia. A Report of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative and the Center for Advanced Defense Studies (C4ADS). https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/211118_Poling_Maritime_Militia.pdf
• Proctor, A. (2021, November). Developing A PNT Architecture Framework. Royal Institute of Navigation’s (RIN) International Navigation Conference. https://rntfnd.us3.list-manage.com/track/click?u=06a79dfa9d702640cd0cee682&id=57716b5831&e=45ff616045
• Psiaki, M.L. (2021, Fall). Navigation Using Carrier Doppler Shift from a LEO Constellation: TRANSIT on Steroids. NAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation, 68(3), 621-641. DOI: 10.1002/navi.438
• Psiaki, M.L., & Humphreys, T.E. (2016, January 8). GNSS Spoofing and Detection. UT Radionavigation Lab, The University of Texas at Austin. https://radionavlab.ae.utexas.edu/images/stories/files/papers/gnss_spoofing_detection.pdf
• Psiaki, M.L., & Humphreys, T.E. (2016, August). Attackers Can Spoof Navigation Signals Without Our Knowledge. Here's How to Fight Back GPS Lies. IEEE Spectrum, 53(8), 26-32, 52-53. DOI: 10.1109/MSPEC.2016.7524168
• Psiaki, M.L., O'Hanlon, B.W., Bhatti, J.A., Shepard, D.P., & Humphreys, T.E. (2013, October). GPS Spoofing Detection Via Dual-Receiver Correlation Of Military Signals. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 49(4), 2250-2267. 10.1109/TAES.2013.6621814
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• Zorri, D.M., & Kessler, G.C. (2024, 1st Quarter). Position, Navigation, and Timing: Weaponization in the Maritime Domain Orientation in the Era of Great Systems Conflict. Joint Forces Quarterly, 112, 12-21. https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-112/jfq-112.pdf
• Zorri, D.M., & Kessler, G.C. (2024, March 11). Position, Navigation, and Timing Weaponization in Maritime Domain: Orientation in the Era of Great Systems Conflict - Analysis. Eurasia Review. https://www.eurasiareview.com/11032024-position-navigation-and-timing-weaponization-in-maritime-domain-orientation-in-era-of-great-systems-conflict-analysis/

[Top of Section | Top of Page]
Chapter 7. Operational Technology and Autonomous Systems

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• Bolbot, V., Methlouthi, O., Banda, O.V., Xiang, L., Ding, Y., & Brunou, P. (2022, May). Identification of Cyber-attack Scenarios in a Marine Dual-Fuel Engine. MARTECH 2022. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360298456_Identification_of_cyber-attack_scenarios_in_a_marine_Dual-Fuel_engine
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• Cregge, K. (2023, March 2). Every Ship a SAG and the LUSV Imperative. CIMSEC. https://cimsec.org/every-ship-a-sag-and-the-lusv-imperative/
• Croteau, B. (2023, October). Lessons Learned from Teaching a Maritime Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity Course. 1st International Workshop on Maritime Communication and Security (MarCaS), 2023 IEEE 48th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Daytona Beach, FL, USA, 2-5 October 2023. DOI: 10.1109/LCN58197.2023.10223335
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• Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). (2020, July 23). Alert (AA20-205A): NSA and CISA Recommend Immediate Actions to Reduce Exposure Across Operational Technologies and Control Systems. U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa20-205a
• Davis, G. (2023, June 4). The Cybersecurity Implications of IMO 2023. The Maritime Executive. https://maritime-executive.com/editorials/the-cybersecurity-implications-of-imo-2023
• Davis, R. & Inajima, T. (2021, August 31). First Autonomous Cargo Ship Faces Test With 236-Mile Voyage. gCaptain. https://gcaptain.com/first-autonomous-cargo-ship-faces-test-with-236-mile-voyage/
• de Albuquerque, C.E.P., Machado, R.C.S., de Sá, A.O., & de Toledo, C.R.B. (2022, November). Bibliometric Analysis on Cyber-Attacks in Naval Sensors and Systems. 2022 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for the Sea: Learning to Measure Sea Health Parameters (MetroSea), October 3-5, 2022, pp. 474-478. DOI: 10.1109/MetroSea55331.2022.9950939
• Diaz, R., Ungo, R., Smith, K., Haghnegahdar, L., Singh, B., & Phuong, T. (2024, Jnauary). Applications of AI/ML in Maritime Cyber Supply Chains. Procedia Computer Science, 232(5), 3247-3257. 5th International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing. DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2024.02.140
• Dow, M. (2020, August 31). Rise of Ransomware: Why OT is a Prime Target for Cybercriminals. Security. https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/93197-rise-of-ransomware-why-ot-is-a-prime-target-for-cybercriminals
• Dragos. (2017, December 13). TRISIS Malware: Analysis of Safety System Targeted Malware, version 1.20171213. https://dragos.com/wp-content/uploads/TRISIS-01.pdf
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[Top of Section | Top of Page]
Chapter 8. Strategies for Maritime Cyberdefense

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• Weiss, J.G., Helleputte, C.-A., & De Cicco, D. (2020, October 22). US DOE and NIST Partner to Improve Cybersecurity in Energy, Maritime Transportation Industries. Steptoe. https://www.steptoe.com/en/news-publications/us-doe-and-nist-partner-to-improve-cybersecurity-in-energy-maritime-transportation-industries.html
• White House. (2020, December). National Maritime Cybersecurity Plan to the National Strategy for Maritime Security. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=848704
• White House. (2024, February 21). Executive Order on Amending Regulations Relating to the Safeguarding of Vessels, Harbors, Ports, and Waterfront Facilities of the United States. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2024/02/21/executive-order-on-amending-regulations-relating-to-the-safeguarding-of-vessels-harbors-ports-and-waterfront-facilities-of-the-united-states/
• Wingrove, M. (2020, November 5). Norway Opens Cyber Resilience Centre. Riviera. https://www.rivieramm.com/news-content-hub/news-content-hub/norway-opens-cyber-resilience-centre-61586

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Chapter 9. Concluding Thoughts

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Ancillary Material

Author Podcasts/Interviews/Presentations Maritime Cyber Newsletters, Blogs, and Web Sites Maritime Journals GPS/GNSS- and PNT-Related Sites Ship Tracking/AIS Aggregation and Other Maritime Intel Web Sites Papers Related to Securing AIS and AIS/GPS Research

Author Podcasts/Interviews/Presentations

• Gary attended the Port of San Diego's Senior Leadership Seminar as part of Fleet Week 2024, and gave a talk titled "AI Implications for Maritime Cyber Security" (11/07/2024).
• Gary's presentation — led by colleague Gian Pili in Gary's absence — titled "AIS Spoofing: A Tutorial for Researchers" was given at the 2nd IEEE LCN Special Track on Maritime Communication and Security (MarCaS) (10/10/2024).
• Gary was interviewed by Andrzej Gab in his webcast, titled "Empowering Maritime Leadership with Cyber Resilience" (09/25/2024). During the webcast, we discussed cybersecurity awareness among management as a key component of an information security strategy, cyber risk management in the maritime sector, the application of AI in MTS cybersecurity, and global knowledge and experience sharing within the maritime industry.
• Gary co-presented, with Nick Haltmeyer (and Duncan Woodbury), a talk titled "Don’t Ship Your Bridges!" in the Maritime Security (MARSEC) track of the ICS Village at DEFCON 32 (08/10/2024). See also our GitHub repository.
• Gary joined colleagues Giangiuseppe Pili in Alessio Armenzoni on Andrej Matisak's "The Global Agora" podcast, "How is Russia Moving Oil Through the Mediterranean and What to Possibly Do About It" (07/29/2024).
• Gary participated in two exciting events in the Netherlands in June 2024, in conjunction with colleagues at the NHL Stenden University Maritime IT Security program. On June 3, the team ran a tabletop cyber exercise for Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Waterstaat at their Cyberweerbaarheidsconferentie (Cyber resiliency conference) in Utrecht. The exercise focused on a GPS spoofing incident involving a ship and a GPS jamming incident involving a commercial airliner; Gary had the privilege and honor to make a presentation about GPS spoofing and jamming in the maritime and aviation sectors, including the impact on AIS and ADS-B. On June 5, Gary gave a guest lecture on maritime cybersecurity challenges to students, staff, and invited guests from industry at the Maritiem Instituut Willem Barentsz on the beautiful island of Terschelling.
• Gary participated in the Maritime Cyber Security and Resilience Symposium, held at IMO Headquarters in London, UK, and sponsored by the University of Plymouth's Cyber-SHIP Lab (November 1-2, 2023). He was a member of the "Current and future directions in Maritime Cyber Security" panel and chaired the "Roadmaps and models" session.
• Gary was the keynote speaker at the NORMA Cyber Conference & Member Council in Bergen, Norway on October 25, 2023.
• Gary hosted a Webinar titled "Exploitation of Unpatched Systems" for the National Motor Freight Traffic Association (NMFTA) (10/11/2023).
• Gary was quoted in the article "How to Play Smart Defense" by K. Kavin (Trade Only, September 24, 2023), at https://www.tradeonlytoday.com/post-type-feature/how-to-play-smart-defense
• Gary gave a talk titled "Five (or More) Maritime Cybersecurity Challenges" in the Maritime track of the ICS Village at DEFCON 31 (08/11/2023).
• Gary presented a Control System Cyber Security Association International [(CS)²AI] Online seminar titled, "Geopolitical Issues of GPS/AIS Spoofing and Jamming " (07/12/2023).
• Gary was a member of a panel on "Current Cybersecurity Trends - Cyber Workforce Development Strategies" as part of a Current Cybersecurity Trends and Global Threats virtual seminar, sponsored by the Georgia Tech Center for International Business Education & Research (GT CIBER), Global USA Business Forum (GUBF), and USA India Business Summit (UIBS) (06/29/2023).
• Gary was a member of the Maritime Cybersecurity panel at the Control System Cyber Security Association International [(CS)²AI] Online Symposium event, "Planes, Trains & Automobiles, and Boats Too!" (05/17/2023).
• Gary chaired a panel session about "Securing Ports" and gave a talk on "GPS/AIS Spoofing" at the 2nd Annual South Coast Cyber Summit in Beaufort, SC (03/20/2023).
• Gary gave a (virtual) talk on "ATON/VTS Cybersecurity" at the Canadian Coast Guard's Industry Day — Maritime Cybersecurity from Ship to Shore (03/09/2023).
• Gary was quoted in the following article: Careless, J. (2022, December 17). Upgrading Maritime Cybersecurity in a Dangerous World. Transport Security International. https://www.tsi-mag.com/upgrading-maritime-cybersecurity-in-a-dangerous-world/
• Gary Kessler participated in Panel 4 - Innovation to Meet Maritime Challenges, at the Maritime Security Challenges Conference (MSC 2022), Vancouver, BC, Canada (11/16/2022)
• Gary gave two talks at the University of Plymouth's Cyber-SHIP Annual Symposium, held at IMO Headquarters in London (10/26-27/2022) — Geopolitical Implications Of the Weaponization of GPS and AIS in the Maritime Domain and The Human Element: Strategies to Combat the Maritime Cyber Workforce Problem (with Will Loomis)
• Gary was a keynote speaker at the University of North Carolina, Wimington's 5th Annual Cybersecurity Awareness Conference (10/12-13/2023).
• Gary Kessler and A Historical View Of Information-Sharing (The Natural Curiosity Project Episode 167, hosted by Steven Shepard, 03/24/2022)
• Gary was a keynote speaker and part of the Fathom5 team at Hack the Port 2022 in Ft. Lauderdale, FL, 02/2022.
• Charting Course: Next Steps for Maritime Cybersecurity With Allies and Partners, an Atlantic Council's Cyber Statecraft Initiative event with an introduction by The Hon. Angus King (I-Maine), and a panel session with RADM John W. Mauger (Asst. Commandant for Prevention Policy (CG-5P), USCG), Gary Kessler (Non-Resident Senior Fellow, Atlantic Council), Josie Long (Cyber Security Consultant, MITRE), and Sean Kline (Dir. of Maritime Affairs, Chamber of Shipping of America), moderated by Nina Kollars (Assoc. Professor, Cyber and Innovation Policy Institute (CIPI), U.S. Naval War College) (12/14/2021)
• Maritime Cybersecurity Interview with Mr. William Loomis and Dr. Gary Kessler, a ThinkJSOU podcast moderated by Dr. Mark Grzegorzewski (12/02/2021)
• Designer's Series: Balancing Cybersecurity and Autonomy in the Maritime Domain, an interview with William Loomis, Dr. Gary C. Kessler, and Michael Pyne, hosted by Nicolé Mullins (Teasley), at HACKtheMACHINE (11/29/2021)
• Maritime Cybersecurity Panel with Stephen Mills (Royal Caribbean), Gary C. Kessler, and Daniel E. Turissini (Marine Technology Society), moderated by Lori Barfield and hosted by the Los Angeles Chapter of the Information Systems Security Association (ISSA-LA).
• Sea Control 293 - Cyber Threats & Chokepoints with Dr. Diane Zorri and Dr. Gary Kessler (Center for International Maritime Security (CIMSEC), hosted by Anna McNeil, 11/14/2021)
• Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Transportation & Infrastructure hearing on "The Evolving Cybersecurity Landscape: Industry Perspectives on Securing the Nation's Infrastructure" by Dr. Gary C. Kessler (11/04/2021) [Written testimony || Video of complete hearing (GCK's opening statement at 38:17-43:11)]
• Hack The Sea 3.0 Village/DEF CON 29 (08/2021)
• AIS Tools Demo (Notes from DEF CON)
• AIS Proctocol Internals (Abridged) (Notes from Hack the Sea)
• Cybersecurity Update with Gary Kessler (The Natural Curiosity Project, hosted by Steven Shepard, 06/21/2021)
• "GNSS/AIS Spoofing: Issues in Maritime CyberSecurity." Video presentation by Gary Kessler at Maritime Cyber Security 2021 virtual event (06/17/2021).
• Gary was quoted in the following article: Satira, B. (2021, May 12). Navigating the Waters of Maritime Cybersecurity. Help Net Security. https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2021/05/12/maritime-cybersecurity/
• An Interview With Gary Kessler on the National Maritime Cybersecurity Plan (The Natural Curiosity Project Episode 118, hosted by Steven Shepard, 02/18/2021)
• An Interview with Gary Kessler on Maritime Cybersecurity (Cybersecurity Career Intelligence, hosted by Fred Scholl, Quinnipiac University, 11/02/2020)
• An Interview With Gary Kessler on the Maritime Ransomware Attacks (The Natural Curiosity Project, hosted by Steven Shepard, 10/05/2020)
• Hack The Sea 2.0 Village at DEF CON 28 (08/2020)
• Build A Raspberry AIS
• GPS: AIS Spoofing Attacks and Some Tools
• Protecting AIS with Public Key Crypto Methods
• An Interview with Gary Kessler, Andrew Lee (Jones Walker), and LT Kevin Kuhn (USCG) on cyberattack liabilities for maritime companies (IN THE KNOW Podcast 7: Planning for Real-World Cyber Threats, The Maritime Executive, hosted by Paul Benecki, 01/06/2019)

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Maritime Cyber Newsletters, Blogs, and Web Sites

• Center for International Maritime Security (CIMSEC)
• Channel - 16 Maritime Security News
• Coast Guard Maritime Industry Cybersecurity Resource Center (USCG/CISA/MARAD)
• CSO Alliance
• Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) National Cyber Awareness System
• Digital Ship newsletter
• DNV cyber insights
• Dryad Global Channel - 16 Maritime Security News
• gCaptain
• Hellenic Shipping News
• JOC.com Maritime News
• Lloyd's List
• MarineLink
• Maritime and Port Security Information Sharing and Analysis Organization (MPS-ISAO) TLP-Green Reports and Advisories
• Maritime dat Newsletter
• Maritime Domain Awareness Trade - Gulf of Guinea (MDAT-GoG)
• The Maritime Executive
• Maritime Journal
• Maritime Logistics Professional
• Maritime Transportation System Information Sharing and Analysis Center (MTS-ISAC)
• MCYSEKA - Maritime Cyber Security Knowledge Archive
• Navigation Outlook
• Pole Star
• Resilient Navigation and Timing (RNT) Foundation
• Riviera Maritime Media
• SAFETY4SEA
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) Maritime Commons
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) Maritime Cyber Readiness Branch (MCRB)
• U.S. Naval Institute (USNI) News
• Vessel Performance Optimisation
• Voyage Worldwide

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Maritime Journals

• International Journal of Maritime Crime & Security
• Journal of Marine Science & Engineering
• Journal of Marine Science & Technology (Digital Commons)
• Journal of Marine Science & Technology (JASNAOE)
• NAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation
• OUR SEA: International Journal of Maritime Science & Technology
• The Journal of Navigation
• Transactions on Maritime Science
• TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
• WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs

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GPS/GNSS- and PNT-Related Sites

• CISA Positioning, Navigation, and Timing page
• GPSJam
• GPSPATRON
• International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) — Positioning , Navigation and Timing (PNT) page
• Interreg Baltic Sea Region R-Mode Baltic Project
• MarRINav: Improving the Integrity and Resilience of Maritime Navigation
• Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation
• The Institute of Navigation (ION)
• The Royal Institute of Navigation (RIN)
• USCG Navigation Center — GPS Problem Report Status page

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Ship Tracking/AIS Aggregation and Other Maritime Intel Web Sites

• Advanced Dataset of Maritime cyber Incidents ReleAsed for Literature (ADMIRAL)
• Maritime Computer Emergency Response Team (M-CERT)
• AISHub
• Track The Worlds Vessels via Websocket (aisstream.io)
• CruiseMapper
• Equasis (Electronic Quality Shipping Information System)
• FleetMon
• MarineTraffic
• Maritime Cyber Attack Database (MCAD), NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences
• My Ship Tracking
• Pole Star
• Ship Tracker
• Shipfinder
• ShipMap -- Global shipping, 2012
• Shipspotting.com
• ShipXplorer
• Submarine Telecoms Forum Undersea Cable Map
• TankerTrackers.com
• Vessel Finder
• vesseltracker.com

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Papers Related to Securing AIS and AIS/GPS Research

One area of Gary's research is related to AIS, AIS security vulnerabilities and exploits, and methods with which to secure AIS. Although not a specific theme of the book, a secure AIS is integral to a secure MTS. In that spirit, here are some papers specifically related to AIS and GNSS security, as well as research into AIS in maritime:

• Al-Khalidi, M., Al-Zaidi, R., Ali, T., Khan, S., & Bashir, A.K. (2025, January). AI-Optimized Elliptic Curve with Certificate-Less Digital Signature for Zero Trust Maritime Security. Ad Hoc Networks, 166, 103669. DOI: 10.1016/j.adhoc.2024.103669
• Alamleh, H., & Karabacak, B. (2024, October). Exploring the Security Landscape of Underwater Positioning and Navigation Systems: An Attack Surface Analysis. 2nd International Special Track on Maritime Communication and Security (MarCaS), 2024 IEEE 49th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Caen, France, 8-10 October 2024. DOI: 10.1109/LCN60385.2024.10639769
• Anderson, J., Lo, S., & Walter, T. (2022, January). Cryptographic Ranging Authentication with TESLA, Rapid Re-keying, and a PRF. 2022 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Long Beach, California, pp. 43-55. DOI: 10.33012/2022.18226
• Anderson, J., Lo, S., & Walter, T. (2022, January). Efficient and Secure Use of Cryptography for Watermarked Signal Authentication. 2022 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Long Beach, California, pp. 68-82. DOI: 10.33012/2022.18228
• Anderson, J., Lo, S., & Walter, T. (2024, September). Authentication Security of Combinatorial Watermarking for GNSS Signal Authentication. NAVIGATION, 71(3). DOI: 10.33012/navi.655
• Androjna, A., Brcko, T., Pavic, I., & Greidanus, H. (2020, October 20). Assessing Cyber Challenges of Maritime Navigation. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8(10), 776. DOI: 10.3390/jmse8100776
• Androjna, A., Pavić, I., Gucma, L., Vidmar, P., & Perkovič, M. (2023, December 19). AIS Data Manipulation in the Illicit Global Oil Trade. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12(1), 6. DOI: 10.3390/jmse12010006
• Androjna, A., & Perkovič, M. (2021, September). Impact of Spoofing of Navigation Systems on Maritime Situational Awareness. Transactions on Maritime Science, 10(2). DOI: 10.7225/toms.v10.n02.w08
• Androjna, A., Perkovič, M., & Pavic, I. (2021, May). Cyber Security Challenges for Safe Navigation at Sea. 4th Annual Baška GNSS Conference: Technologies, Techniques and Applications Across PNT and The 1st Workshop on Smart, Blue and Green Maritime Technologies, Baška, Krk Island, Croatia. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrej-Androjna-3/publication/358676229_CYBER_SECURITY_CHALLENGES_FOR_SAFE_NAVIGATION_AT_SEA/links/620ea07d4be28e145c9b6dcb/CYBER-SECURITY-CHALLENGES-FOR-SAFE-NAVIGATION-AT-SEA.pdf
• Androjna, A., Perkovič, M., Pavic, I., & Mišković, J. (2021, May). AIS Data Vulnerability Indicated by a Spoofing Case-Study. Applied Sciences, 11(11), 5015. DOI: 10.3390/app11115015
• Arumugam, M., & Parasuraman, K. (2024, January 18). Whale Optimized Routing Path Selection and 128 Bit Secured Key Management for Maritime Safety. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2024.100584
• Aziz, A., Tedeschi, P., Sciancalepore, S., & Di Pietro, R. (2020, August 7). SecureAIS - Securing Pairwise Vessels Communications. 2020 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS), 29 June-1 July, Avignon, France. DOI: 10.1109/CNS48642.2020.9162320
• Bahder, T.B. (2004, December). Quantum Positioning System. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval Systems and Applications Meeting, Washington, D.C., pp. 53-76. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=13846
• Balduzzi, M., Pasta, A., & Wilhoit, K. (2014, December). A Security Evaluation of AIS Automated Identification System. 30th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC '14), New Orleans, Louisiana, December 8-12, 2014, pp. 436-445. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.694.7968&type=pdf
• Balduzzi, M., Wilhoit, K., & Pasta, A. (2014, December). A Security Evaluation of AIS. Trend Micro Research Paper. https://www.trendmicro.com/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-a-security-evaluation-of-ais.pdf
• Baker, R. (2021, August 16). Creating an AIS Pi for Maritime Research. wondersmith_rae blog. https://wondersmithrae.medium.com/creating-an-ais-pi-for-maritime-research-5e6f754e541c
• Baker, R. (2021, August 27). How to Install OpenCPN on Your AIS Raspberry Pi for Maritime Research. wondersmith_rae blog. https://wondersmithrae.medium.com/how-to-install-opencpn-on-your-ais-raspberry-pi-for-maritime-research-c6d3da5eb5a6
• Batavier, G. (2024, January 9). The Red Sea Crisis: Tracking the Volatile Security Situation. Spire blog. https://spire.com/blog/maritime/the-red-sea-crisis-tracking-the-volatile-security-situation/
• Berbić, I, Stupalo, V., Kavran, N., & Bukljaš, M. (2023, January). Overview of Machine Learning Methods in Maritime Traffic Monitoring Based on Automatic Identification System. Transportation Research Procedia, 73, 220-226. DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.911
• Blanco, J. (2019, December 5). C2 Over Maritime AIS and Commercial Aggregation [video]. DEF CON 27 Hack the Sea Village. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRWh6FVIFeo
• Cabrera, F., Molina, N., Tichavska, M., & Araña, V. (2016, July). Automatic Identification System Modular Receiver for Academic Purposes. Radio Science, 51(7), 1038–1047. DOI: 10.1002/2015RS005895
• Campbell, J.N.A., Isenor, A.W., & Dais Ferreira, M. (2022, September 22). Detection of Invalid AIS Messages Using Machine Learning Techniques. Procedia Computer Science, 205, 229-238. DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2022.09.024
• Chen, M.-Y., & Wu, H.-T. (2023, January). An Automatic-Identification-System-Based Vessel Security System. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 19(1), 870-879. DOI: 10.1109/TII.2021.3139348
• Chew, C., Roberts, T. M., & Lowe, S. (2023, December). RFI Mapped by Spaceborne GNSS-R Data. NAVIGATION, 70(4). DOI: 10.33012/navi.618
• Critchley-Marrows, J., & Verspieren, Q. (2023, July). Ensuring PNT Resilience: A Global Review of Navigation Policies and Roadmaps. Science, Technology and Innovation Governance (STIG) Education Programme, Graduate School of Public Policy, The University of Tokyo. https://rntfnd.org/wp-content/uploads/Resilient_PNT_Policy_Report_FINAL_Univ-Tokyo-and-Sydney.pdf
• Clements, Z., Goodridgey, I., Ellisz, P., Murriany, M.J., & Humphreys, T.E., (2024, January). Demonstration of Single-Satellite GNSS Spoofer Geolocation. The 2024 ION ITM Conference, Long Beach, CA, January 22-26, 2024. http://radionavlab.ae.utexas.edu/wp-content/uploads/clements-DemoSpooferGeo.pdf
• Duan, Y., Huang, J., Lei, J., Kong, L., Lv, Y., Lin, Z., Chen, G., & Kha, M.K. (2023, February). AISChain: Blockchain-Based AIS Data Platform With Dynamic Bloom Filter Tree. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 24(2), 2332-2343. DOI: 10.1109/TITS.2022.3188691
• Erwin, S. (2022, August 17). Commercial Geospatial Technologies That Detect GPS Disruptions to be Tested in Military Exercises. SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/commercial-geospatial-technologies-that-detect-gps-disruptions-to-be-tested-in-military-exercises/
• Ford, J.H., Peel, D., Kroodsma, D., Hardesty, B.D., Rosebrock, U., & Wilcox, C. (2018). Detecting Suspicious Activities at Sea Based on Anomalies in Automatic Identification Systems Transmissions. PLoS ONE, 13(8), e0201640. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201640
• Gamage, C., Dinalankara, R., Samarabandu, J., & Subasinghe, A. (2023, Dceember). A Comprehensive Survey on the Applications of Machine Learning Techniques on Maritime Surveillance to Detect Abnormal Maritime Vessel Behaviors. WMU Journal on Maritime Affairs, 22, 447–477. DOI: 10.1007/s13437-023-00312-7
• Goudosis, A., & Katsikas, S.K. (2019, June 14). Towards a Secure Automatic Identification System (AIS). Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 24, 410-423. DOI: 10.1007/s00773-018-0561-3
• Goudosis, A., & Katsikas, S.K. (2020, June). Secure AIS with Identity-Based Authentication and Encryption. TransNav, The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 14(2). DOI: 10.12716/1001.14.02.03
• Goudosis, A., & Katsikas, S.K. (2022, June). Secure Automatic Identification System (SecAIS): Proof-of-Concept Implementation. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(6), 805. DOI: 10.3390/jmse10060805
• Goudossis, A., Kostis, T., & Nikitakos, N. (2012). Automatic Identification System Stated Requirements for Naval Transponder Security Assurance. In A. Goudossis, T. Kostis, & N. Nikitakos (Eds.), 2nd International Conference on Applications of Mathematics and Informatics in Military Sciences (AMIMS), Vari, Greece. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Athanasios-Goudosis/publication/280573426_Automatic_Identification_System_Stated_Requirements_for_Naval_Transponder_Security_Assurance/links/5d6f6d2da6fdccf93d38830c/Automatic-Identification-System-Stated-Requirements-for-Naval-Transponder-Security-Assurance.pdf
• Goward, D. (2023, September 5). China Finishing "High-precision Ground-based Timing System" — A Worry for the United States. GPS WORLD. https://www.gpsworld.com/china-finishing-high-precision-ground-based-timing-system-a-worry-for-the-united-states/
• Gupta, B.B., Gaurav, A., Hsu, C.-H., & Jiao, B. (2021, November 15). Identity-Based Authentication Mechanism for Secure Information Sharing in the Maritime Transport System. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 1-9. DOI: 10.1109/TITS.2021.3125402
• Hall, J., Lee, J., Benin, J., Armstrong, C., & Owen, H. (2015). IEEE 1609 Influenced Automatic Identification System (AIS). 2015 IEEE 81st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Glasgow, May 11-14, 2015, pp. 1-5. DOI: 10.1109/VTCSpring.2015.7145867
• Hu, Q., Jiang, Y., Zhang, J., Sun, X., & Zhang, S. (2015, November). Development of an Automatic Identification System Autonomous Positioning System. Sensors, 15(11), 28574-28591. DOI: 10.3390/s151128574
• Huang, I.-L., Lee, M.-C., Chang, L., & Huang, J.C. (2024, September 18). Development and Application of an Advanced Automatic Identification System (AIS)-Based Ship Trajectory Extraction Framework for Maritime Traffic Analysis. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12(9), 1672. DOI: 10.3390/jmse12091672
• Humphreys, T., Chen, Q.A., Ozguner, U., & Toth, C. (2023, November 20). Resilience and Validation of GNSS PNT Solutions. Final Research Report, CARMEN: Center for Automated Vehicle Research with Multimodal Assurred Navigation. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/72661/dot_72661_DS1.pdf
• Humphreys, T.E., Clements, Z.L., & Qin, W. (2024, September 30). GNSS Interference: Situational Awareness and LEO Backup. Final Report, CARMEN: Center for Automated Vehicle Research with Multimodal Assurred Navigation, University Transportation Centers Program, U.S. Department of Transportation. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/77823/dot_77823_DS1.pdf
• International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA). (2019, June). The Technical Specification of VDES, Edition 3. IALA Guideline 1139. https://www.e-navigation.nl/sites/default/files/1139-ed.3-the-technical-specification-of-vdes_june-2019.pdf
• International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA). (2020). Collection of Regional Applications for AIS Application Specific Messages of Regional Applications for AIS Binary Messages. https://www.iala-aism.org/asm/
• International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA). (2022, December 16). VHF Data Exchange System (VDES) Overview, Edition 3.0. IALA Guideline 1117. https://www.iala-aism.org/product/g1117/
• International Maritime Organization (IMO). (2010, June 2). Guidance on the Use of AIS Application-Specific Messages. SN.1/Circ. 289. http://vislab-ccom.unh.edu/~schwehr/papers/2009-Nav55-CG-AIX-Report-Annex1.pdf
• International Telecommunication Union (ITU). (2014, February). Technical Characteristics for an Automatic Identification System Using Time Division Multiple Access in the VHF Maritime Mobile Frequency Band. ITU-R Recommendation M.1371-5. M Series: Mobile, Radiodetermination, Amateur and Related Satellite Services. https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.1371-5-201402-I!!PDF-E.pdf
• International Telecommunication Union (ITU). (2019, October). Assignment and Use of Identities in the Maritime Mobile Service. ITU-R Recommendation M.585-8. M Series: Mobile, Radiodetermination, Amateur and Related Satellite Services. https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.585-8-201910-I!!PDF-E.pdf
• Iphar, C., Ray, C., & Napoli, A. (2019). Uses and Misuses of the Automatic Identification System. IEEE OCEANS Conference, Marseille, June 17-20, 2019. DOI: 10.1109/OCEANSE.2019.8867559
• JammerTest2022. Norway. (2022, October 10). GPSPATRON. https://gpspatron.com/jammertest2022-norway/
• JammerTest2023. Test Report. (2023, November 15). GPSPATRON. https://gpspatron.com/jammertest2023-test-report/
• Jakovlev, S., Daranda, A., Voznak, M., Lektauers, A., Eglynas, T., & Jusis, M. (2020, November 19). Analysis of the Possibility to Detect Fake Vessels in the Automatic Identification System. Proceeedings of 2020 61st International Scientific Conference on Information Technology and Management Science of Riga Technical University (ITMS), 15-16 Oct0ber 2020, Riga, Latvia, pp. 1-5. DOI: 10.1109/ITMS51158.2020.9259293
• Jaskólski, K., & Czapliński, W. (2024). Verification of the AIS Service Availability Model Based on Dynamic Data Streams Recorded From Three Receiving Stations in the Polish Coastal Area. Archives of Transportation, 70(2). DOI: 10.61089/aot2024.92f0xg34
• Jiang, Y., Wu, J., & Zhang, S. (2018, MArch 27). An Improved Positioning Method for Two Base Stations in AIS. Sensors, 18(4), 991. DOI: 10.3390/s18040991
• Johnson, G., Dykstra, K., Ordell, S., Forster, J., & Spilsbury, J. (2022, September). An Initial Assessment of VDE-Terrestrial Channel Performance. 35th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2022), Denver, Colorado, September 2022, pp. 426-438. DOI: 10.33012/2022.18488
• Johnson, G., Dykstra, K., Ordell, S., & Swaszek, P. (2020, October). R-Mode Positioning System Demonstration. 33rd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2020), September 21-25, 2020, pp. 839-855. DOI: 10.33012/2020.17728
• Johnson, G., Swaszek, P., Alberding, J., Hoppe, M., & Oltmann, J.-H. (2014, September). The Feasibility of R-mode to Meet Resilient PNT Requirements for E-navigation. 27th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, ION GNSS 2014, Tampa, Florida. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gregory-Johnson-4/publication/289887465_The_feasibility_of_R-mode_to_meet_resilient_PNT_requirements_for_e-navigation/links/5ba011ad299bf13e6038a905/The-feasibility-of-R-mode-to-meet-resilient-PNT-requirements-for-e-navigation.pdf
• Kaklis, D., Kontopoulos, I., Varlamis, I., Emiris I.Z., & Varelas, T. (2024, January 12). Trajectory Mining and Routing: A Cross-Sectoral Approach. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12(1), 157. 10.3390/jmse12010157
• Kelly, P. (2022, September 15). A Novel Technique to Identify AIS Transmissions From Vessels Which Attempt to Obscure Their Position by Switching Their AIS Transponder From Normal Transmit Power Mode to Low Transmit Power Mode. Expert Systems with Applications, 202, 117205. DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2022.117205
• Kessler, G.C. (2020, May 1). AIS Replay and Spoofing [video]. https://www.garykessler.net/gck/AIS_replay_and_spoofing.mp4
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About the Authors and the Book

Gary C. Kessler, Ph.D., CISSP, is President of Gary Kessler Associates, a consulting, research, and training company located in Ormond Beach, Florida. He has been in the information security and education fields for more than 40 years, and is a retired professor of cybersecurity. Gary is a Principal Consultant at Fathom5, a Non-Resident Senior Fellow at the Atlantic Council, a visiting faculty member in the Electrical Engineering & Cyber Systems Section at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, on the Board of Advisers of Cydome, and has testified before the U.S. House of Representatives about maritime cybersecurity issues. Gary has a B.A. in mathematics from Humboldt State University (California), an M.S. degree in computer science from the University of Vermont, and a Ph.D. in computing technology in education from Nova Southeastern University (Florida). His research interests focus on maritime cybersecurity, particularly related to AIS, as well as network protocols, digital forensics, and cybersecurity management and policy. Gary is Chief of the Cybersecurity Prevention Operations Division in the USCG Auxiliary, a PADI Master SCUBA Diver Trainer, and holds a USCG 50GT master merchant mariner certificate. Gary lives in Florida with his wife, Gayle.

Dr. Steven Shepard is the founder of the Shepard Communications Group in Williston, Vermont, and co-founder of the Executive Crash Course Company. A professional author, photographer, audio producer, and educator with more than 35 years of experience in the technology industry, he has written books and articles on a wide variety of topics. Steve received his undergraduate degree in Spanish and Romance Philology from the University of California at Berkeley, his master's degree in International Business from St. Mary's College, and his Ph.D. at the Da Vinci Institute in Rivonia, South Africa. He is a Senior Fellow of the Da Vinci Institute of South Africa; a Founding Director of the African Telecoms Institute; and an Emeritus member of the Board of Trustees of Champlain College. He was Resident Director of the University of Southern California's Executive Leadership and Advanced Management Programs for more than 25 years and is adjunct professor at Emory University and the Da Vinci Institute, among others. Thanks to a childhood spent in Spain, Steve is native fluent in Spanish and routinely publishes and delivers presentations in that language. He lives in Vermont with his wife Sabine, who has put up with him for more than 45 years.

The book can be purchased from Amazon in paperback (USD16.99) or Kindle (USD9.99) format.

Get more information about Gary (Amazon Author Page | Web site) and Steve (Amazon Author Page | Web site).

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