Maritime Cybersecurity A Guide for Leaders and Managers Second Edition by Gary C. Kessler & Steven D. Shepard

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This Web page is devoted to providing updated or additional information with which to supplement Maritime Cybersecurity: A Guide for Leaders and Managers.

• References
• Ancillary Material
• About the Authors and the Book

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References

This section contains all references for the book plus additional resources. Preface Chapter 1. The Maritime Transportation System (MTS) Chapter 2. Cybersecurity Basics Chapter 3. Case Studies: Cyber Attacks on the Maritime Sector Chapter 4. Ports and Cybersecurity Chapter 5. Shipboard Communication Systems Chapter 6. Navigation Systems Chapter 7. Operational Technology and Autonomous Systems Chapter 8. Strategies for Maritime Cyberdefense Chapter 9. Concluding Thoughts

Preface

• CEOs and CISOs Disagree on Cyber Strategies. (2020, May 20). Help Net Security. https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2020/05/20/ceos-cisos-disparities/
• Cimpanu, C. (2018, December 12). Ships Infected With Ransomware, USB Malware, Worms. ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/ships-infected-with-ransomware-usb-malware-worms/
• Cook, K.S., & Nichols, D.L. (2017). Cyber Seaworthiness: A Call to Action. In DiRenzo III, J., Drumhiller, N.K., & Roberts, F.S. (Eds.) (2017). Issues in Maritime Cyber Security, pp. 81-85. Washington, D.C.: Westphalia Press.
• DiRenzo III, J., Drumhiller, N.K., & Roberts, F.S. (Eds.) (2017). Issues in Maritime Cyber Security. Washington, D.C.: Westphalia Press.
• Germond, B. (2023, July 10). Op-Ed: The Geopolitics of Maritime Cybersecurity. MarineLog. https://www.marinelog.com/views/op-eds/op-ed-the-geopolitics-of-maritime-cybersecurity/
• Manyara, S. (2022, January 6). Rising Cyber Exposure in Asia Maritime Shipping. The Asset. https://www.theasset.com/viewpoint/45794/rising-cyber-exposure-in-asia-maritime-shipping
• Maritime Cyber Attacks Increase 900%. (2020, July 20). MarineLink. https://www.marinelink.com/news/maritime-cyber-attacks-increase-480311
• Marsh & Microsoft. (2019, September). 2019 Global Cyber Risk Perception Survey. https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Marsh-Microsoft-2019-Global-Cyber-Risk-Perception-Survey.pdf
• Rundle, J. (2019, July 26). Coast Guard Details February Cyberattack on Ship. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/coast-guard-details-february-cyberattack-on-ship-11564133401
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). (n.d.). Maritime Cyber Readiness Branch. https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/CGCYBER/Maritime-Cyber-Readiness-Branch/
• Waterman, S. (2019, March 28). Coast Guard 'Cyber Boarding' Shows Online Risks to Maritime Sector. Homeland Security Today. https://www.hstoday.us/federal-pages/dhs/uscg/coast-guard-cyber-boarding-shows-online-risks-to-maritime-sector/
• Zheng, T.X. (2022, August 18). Bracing for the Rising Tide of Cyber Threats Against the Maritime Industry. Seatrade Maritime News. https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/opinions-analysis/bracing-rising-tide-cyber-threats-against-maritime-industry

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Chapter 1. The Maritime Transportation System (MTS)

• Akpan, F., Bendiab, G., Shiaeles, S., Karamperidis, S., & Michaloliakos, M. (2022,March 7). Cybersecurity Challenges in the Maritime Sector. Network, 2(1), 123-138. DOI: 10.3390/network2010009
• Alderson, D.L., Funk, D., & Gera, R. (2020, December). Analysis of the Global Maritime Transportation System as a Layered Network. Journal of Transportation Security, 13, 291–325. DOI: 10.1007/s12198-019-00204-z
• Bebbington, T. (2021, August 6). Cyberattack or Coincidence? Seatrade Maritime News. https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/regulation/less-25-bulkers-and-tankers-will-attain-eexi-compliance
• Cohen, J. (2021). Where Zeros and Ones Sink Ships - Cyber Warfare Enters the Naval Battlespace. Naval Forces, 42(5), 49-51.
• Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). (2020, March 24). Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). https://www.cisa.gov/critical-infrastructure-sectors
• Daum, O. (2019, January). Cyber Security in the Maritime Sector. Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, 50(1), 1-19.
• Foote, R. (2017) Cybersecurity in the Marine Transportation Sector: Protecting Intellectual Property to Keep Our Ports, Facilities, and Vessels Safe from Cyber Threats. Cybaris, 8(2), article 3. https://open.mitchellhamline.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1073&context=cybaris
• Jakobsen, E.W., Haugland, L.M., Abrahamoglu, S., Osman, M.S., Sewraz, D., & Dineshkar, B. (2022, January). The Leading Maritime Cities of the World 2022. Menon Economics and DNV. https://www.menon.no/wp-content/uploads/Leading-Maritime-Cities-of-the-world-2022-Final-report-12-Jan.pdf
• Kessler, G.C. (2019, Spring). Cybersecurity in the Maritime Domain. Proceedings of the USCG Marine Safety & Security Council, 76(1), 34-39. https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/DCO%20Documents/Proceedings%20Magazine/Archive/2019/Vol76_No1_Spring2019.pdf
• Kiln. (n.d.). Ship Map. https://www.shipmap.org/
• Mansouri, M., Gorod, A., Wakeman, T.H., & Sauser, B. (2009). A Systems Approach to Governance in Maritime Transportation System of Systems. IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering (SoSE), Albuquerque, NM, May 30 - June 3, 2009.
• Neo, M. (2021). The Rising Threat of Maritime Cyber-attacks: Level of Maritime Cyber-security Preparedness along the Straits of Malacca and Singapore. Royal Australian Navy Sea Power Soundings, 42, 1-38. https://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Soundings_Papers_42_2021.pdf
• Oruç, A. (2020, October 5). Claims of State-Sponsored Cyberattack in the Maritime Industry. International Naval Engineering Conference and Exhibition (INEC 2020). DOI: 10.24868/issn.2515-818X.2020.021
• Shipowner.io. (2018). The World's First Distributed Ledger Platform Focused on Maritime Assets & Services. White Paper. https://shipowner.io/whitepaper
• United Nations. (2019). Fact Sheet #13: World Seaborne Trade. U.N. Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). https://unctad.org/en/PublicationChapters/tdstat44_FS13_en.pdf
• United Nations. (2019). Fact Sheet #14: Merchant Fleet. U.N. Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). https://unctad.org/en/PublicationChapters/tdstat44_FS13_en.pdf
• United Nations. (2019). Fact Sheet #15: Maritime Transport Indicators. U.N. Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). https://unctad.org/en/PublicationChapters/tdstat44_FS13_en.pdf
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). (2018, October). Maritime Commerce Strategic Outlook. https://media.defense.gov/2018/Oct/05/2002049100/-1/-1/1/USCG%20MARITIME%20COMMERCE%20STRATEGIC%20OUTLOOK-RELEASABLE.PDF
• Visky, G., Lavrenovs, A., Orye, E., Heering, D., Tam, K., & Maennel, O.M. (2022, March). Multi-Purpose Cyber Environment for Maritime Sector. International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, 17(1). DOI: 10.34190/iccws.17.1.26
• Weaver, G.A., Feddersen, B., Marla, L., Wei, D., Rose, A., & Van Moera, M. (2022, April). Estimating Economic Losses From Cyber-attacks on Shipping Ports: An Optimization-based Approach. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 137. DOI: 10.1016/j.trc.2021.103423

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Chapter 2. Cybersecurity Basics

• Barker, W.C., Scarfone, K., Fisher, W., & Souppaya, M. (2021, June). Cybersecurity Framework Profile for Ransomware Risk Management. Preliminary Draft National Institute of Standards and Technology Interagency or Internal Report (NISTIR) 8374, U.S. Department of Commerce. https://csrc.nist.gov/CSRC/media/Publications/nistir/draft/documents/NIST.IR.8374-preliminary-draft.pdf
• Barsky, N. (2021, August 31). The SEC Exposed Cybersecurity's Fatal Flaw - Executive Resistance To Bad News. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/noahbarsky/2021/08/31/the-sec-exposed-cybersecuritys-fatal-flaw---executive-resistance-to-bad-news/?sh=37c8b2922339
• Biddle, S. (2016, August 19). The NSA Leak is Real, Snowden Documents Confirm. The Intercept. https://theintercept.com/2016/08/19/the-nsa-was-hacked-snowden-documents-confirm/
• Bracken, B. (2021, November 30). Lloyd's Carves Out Cyber-Insurance Exclusions for State-Sponsored Attacks. threatpost. https://threatpost.com/lloyds-cyber-insurance-exclusions/176669/
• Brenner, B. (2017, May 16). WannaCry: The Ransomware Worm That Didn't Arrive on a Phishing Hook. Naked Security. https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2017/05/17/wannacry-the-ransomware-worm-that-didnt-arrive-on-a-phishing-hook/
• Caltagirone, S., Pendergast, A., & Betz, C. (2013, May 7). The Diamond Model of Intrusion Analysis. Technical Report, U.S. Department of Defense. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA586960.pdf
• Chambers, S. (2020, June 5). Number of Shipping Cyber Attacks Leaps 400% Since February. Splash247.com. https://splash247.com/number-of-shipping-cyber-attacks-leaps-400-since-february/
• Cimpanu, C. (2020, August 2). Google: Eleven Zero-Days Detected in the Wild in the First Half of 2020. ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-eleven-zero-days-detected-in-the-wild-in-the-first-half-of-2020/
• Cisco Systems. (n.d.). What is an Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)? https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/security/advanced-persistent-threat.html
• Cisco Systems. (n.d.). What is Malware? https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/security/advanced-malware-protection/what-is-malware.html
• Coker, J. (2021, August 9). Average Ransomware Demands Surge by 518% in 2021. Information Security Magazine. https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/ransomware-demands-surge-2021/
• Collier, K. (2019, May 10). Crippling Ransomware Attacks Targeting US Cities on the Rise. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/10/politics/ransomware-attacks-us-cities/index.html
• Cook, S. (2020, June 15). 2018-2020 Ransomware Statistics and Facts. Comparitech. https://www.comparitech.com/antivirus/ransomware-statistics/
• Cox, J. (2019, September 30). Legit-Looking iPhone Lightning Cables That Hack You Will be Mass Produced and Sold. Motherboard Tech by Vice. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/3kx5nk/fake-apple-lightning-cable-hacks-your-computer-omg-cable-mass-produced-sold
• Crawley, K. (2019, June 24). An Overview on Insider Attacks and Threat Awareness. AT&T Business. https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/security-essentials/insider-threats
• Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). (2021, December 23). Alert (AA21-356A): Mitigating Log4Shell and Other Log4j-Related Vulnerabilities. U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa21-356a
• Ebert, C., Rekik, Y., & Karade, R. (2020, March-April). Security Test. IEEE Software, 37(2), 13-20. DOI: 10.1109/MS.2019.2958354
• Epsco-Ra Introduces New Cybersecurity Assessment Method. (2021, April 22). Digital Ship. https://thedigitalship.com/news/maritime-satellite-communications/item/7261-epsco-ra-introduces-new-cybersecurity-assessment-method
• Farrell, H. (2017, April 15). Hackers Have Just Dumped a Treasure Trove of NSA Data. Here's What it Means. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/04/15/shadowy-hackers-have-just-dumped-a-treasure-trove-of-nsa-data-heres-what-it-means/
• FireEye. (n.d.). What is a Zero-Day Exploit? https://www.fireeye.com/current-threats/what-is-a-zero-day-exploit.html
• Gatlan, S. (2021, June 30). CISA Releases New Ransomware Self-Assessment Security Audit Tool. BleepingComputer. https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/cisa-releases-new-ransomware-self-assessment-security-audit-tool/
• Johnston, R.G. (2020, July). Security Maxims. Right Brain Sekurity. http://rbsekurity.com/Papers/Johnston_Security_Maxims.pdf
• Kim, D. & Solomon, M.G. (2018). Fundamentals of Information Systems Security, 3rd. ed. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
• Krebs, B. (2021, October 26). FBI Raids Chinese Point-of-Sale Giant PAX Technology. Krebs on Security. https://krebsonsecurity.com/2021/10/fbi-raids-chinese-point-of-sale-giant-pax-technology/
• Křoustek, J. (2017, May 12). WannaCry Ransomware That Infected Telefonica and NHS Hospitals is Spreading Aggressively, With Over 50,000 Attacks So Far Today. Avast Blog. https://blog.avast.com/ransomware-that-infected-telefonica-and-nhs-hospitals-is-spreading-aggressively-with-over-50000-attacks-so-far-today
• Kuhn, K. (2017, May-December). Cyber Risk Management in the Maritime Transportation System. Proceedings of the USCG Marine Safety & Security Council, 74(2), 65-69. https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/DCO%20Documents/Proceedings%20Magazine/Archive/2017/Vol74_No2_May-Dec2017.pdf?ver=2018-01-23-080144-327
• Lakshmanan, R. (2021, December 18). New Local Attack Vector Expands the Attack Surface of Log4j Vulnerability. The Hacker News. https://thehackernews.com/2021/12/new-local-attack-vector-expands-attack.html
• Mactavish, A. (2020, August 7). Cyber-Crime — A Continuing Concern. Seatrade Maritime News. https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/opinions-analysis/cyber-crime-continuing-concern
• Maloney, S. (2018, January 9). What is an Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)? Cybereason. https://www.cybereason.com/blog/advanced-persistent-threat-apt
• Malwarebytes. (n.d.). Malware. https://www.malwarebytes.com/malware/
• Mandiant. (2013, February 18). APT1: Exposing One of China's Espionage Units. https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf
• Mc Mahon, C. (2020, July 10). In Defence of the Human Factor. Frontiers of Psychology. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01390
• Meland, P.H., Nesheim, D.A., Bernsmed, K., & Sindre, G. (2022, February). Assessing Cyber Threats for Storyless Systems. Journal of Information Security and Applications, 64, article 103050. DOI: 10.1016/j.jisa.2021.103050
• Meskauskas, T. (2021, November 19). CoinTicker Trojan (Mac). PCrisk. https://www.pcrisk.com/removal-guides/13951-cointicker-trojan-mac
• Microsoft. (n.d.). Support for Windows 7 Has Ended. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/windows-7-end-of-life-support-information
• Microsoft. (n.d.). Support for Windows XP Ended. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/windows/end-of-windows-xp-support
• Multi-State Information Sharing and Analysis Center (MS-ISAC). (2020, September). Ransomware Guide. Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/CISA_MS-ISAC_Ransomware%20Guide_S508C.pdf
• Newman, L.H. (2017, May 12). The Ransomware Meltdown Experts Warned About is Here. WIRED. https://www.wired.com/2017/05/ransomware-meltdown-experts-warned/
• Newman, L.H. (2021, December 18). 'The Internet Is on Fire.' WIRED. https://www.wired.com/story/log4j-flaw-hacking-internet/
• Norton, Q. (2014, May 20). Everything is Broken. The Message. https://medium.com/message/everything-is-broken-81e5f33a24e1#.sc7pf19g3
• Onishchenko, O., Shumilova, K., Volyanskyy, S., Volyanskaya, Y., & Volianskyi, Y. (2022, March). Ensuring Cyber Resilience of Ship Information Systems. TransNav, The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 16(1), 43-50. DOI: 10.12716/1001.16.01.04
• Palmer, D. (2021, April 23). Ransomware's Perfect Target: Why One Industry Needs to Improve Cybersecurity, Before It's Too Late. ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/ransomwares-perfect-target-why-one-industry-needs-to-improve-cybersecurity-before-its-too-late/
• Parker, D.B. (2015). Toward a New Framework for Information Security? In S. Bosworth, M.E. Kabay, & E. Whyne (Eds.), Computer Security Handbook, 6th ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Petersen, R., Santos, D., Wetzel, K.A., Smith, M.C., & Witte, G. (2020, November). Workforce Framework for Cybersecurity (NICE Framework), Revision 1. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication (SP) 800-181, U.S. Department of Commerce. DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-181r1
• Popa, B. (2017, November 7). Chinese Keyboard Maker Caught Tracking Typed Keys on CustomerÕs Computers. Softpedia News. https://news.softpedia.com/news/chinese-keyboard-maker-caught-tracking-types-keys-on-customer-s-computers-518423.shtml
• Progoulakis, I., Nikitakos, N., Rohmeyer, P., Bunin, B., Dalaklis, D., & Karamperidis, S. (2021, January 22). Perspectives on Cyber Security for Offshore Oil and Gas Assets. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(2), 112. DOI: 10.3390/jmse9020112
• Radware. (2017, March 13). History of DDoS Attacks. https://security.radware.com/ddos-knowledge-center/ddos-chronicles/ddos-attacks-history/
• Ramzan, Z. (2010). Phishing Attacks and Countermeasures. In M. Stamp & P. Stavroulakis (Eds.), Handbook of Information and Communication Security, Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
• Ranka, D. (2013, September 5). Inside Dalai Lama Website Attacks: Analyzing the 'Watering Hole Attacks.' Network Intelligence. https://niiconsulting.com/checkmate/2013/09/inside-dalai-lama-website-attacks-analyzing-watering-hole-attacks/
• Rose, S. (2021, August 4). Planning for a Zero Trust Architecture: A Starting Guide for Administrators. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) DRAFT White Paper, U.S. Department of Commerce. DOI: 10.6028/NIST.CSWP.08042021-draft
• Rose, S., Borchert, O., Mitchell, S., & Connelly, S. (2020, August). Zero Trust Architecture. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication (SP) 800-207, U.S. Department of Commerce. DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-207
• Ross, R., Pillitteri, V., Dempsey, K., Riddle, M., & Guissanie, G. (2020, February). Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information in Nonfederal Systems and Organizations, Revision 2. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication (SP) 800-171, U.S. Department of Commerce. DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-171r2
• Stewart, K.C., & Hoover, A. (2020, March 30). An Introduction to the Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification. Software Engineering Institute blog, Carnegie Mellon University. https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/blog/an-introduction-to-the-cybersecurity-maturity-model-certification-cmmc/
• Svilicic, B. , Kamahara, J., Rooks, M., & Yano, Y. (2019, September). Maritime Cyber Risk Management: An Experimental Ship Assessment. The Journal of Navigation, 72(5), 1108-1120. DOI: 10.1017/S0373463318001157
• Symantec Security Response. (2012, December 31). Internet Explorer Zero-Day Used in Watering Hole Attack: Q&A. Symantec Official Blog. https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/internet-explorer-zero-day-used-watering-hole-attack-qa
• Tam, K., Forshaw, K., & Jones, K. (2022, August 18). Method and System for Dynamically Assessing Current Risk Associated With a Maritime Activity. United States Patent Application 20220261483. https://www.freepatentsonline.com/20220261483.pdf
• Tam, K., & Jones, K. (2019, January 28). MaCRA: A Model-based Framework for Maritime Cyber-risk Assessment. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 18, 129-163. DOI: 10.1007/s13437-019-00162-2
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• Zetter, K. (2014). Countdown to Zero Day: Stuxnet and the Launch of the World's First Digital Weapon. New York: Crown.

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Chapter 3. Case Studies: Cyber Attacks on the Maritime Sector

• Abrams, L. (2018, August 28). Beware of Fake "Shipping Docs" Malspam Pushing the DarkComet RAT. Bleeping Computer. https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/beware-of-fake-shipping-docs-malspam-pushing-the-darkcomet-rat/
• Australian Shipbuilder Austal Hit by Cyber Attack, Extortion Attempt. (2018, November 2). NavalToday.com. https://www.navaltoday.com/2018/11/02/australian-shipbuilder-austal-hit-by-cyber-attack-extortion-attempt/
• Bank of England. (2022, January). General Insurance Stress Test 2022: Scenario Specification, Guidelines and Instructions (DRAFT). Prudential Regulation Authority. https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/prudential-regulation/letter/2022/january/general-insurance-stress-test-2022-instructions.pdf
• Bankes-Hughes, L. (2015, August 27). Global: Limassol-based Shipping Company Victim of Cyber Fraud. Bunkerspot. https://www.bunkerspot.com/latest-news/40447-global-limassol-based-shipping-company-victim-of-cyber-fraud
• Birkett, H. (2015, August 27). Hackers Steal $644,000 From a Cyprus Shipping Company. Splash247.com. https://splash247.com/hackers-steal-644000-from-a-cyprus-shipping-company/
• Bogle, A. (2018, March 15). Svitzer Employee Details Stolen in Data Breach Affecting Almost Half of its Australian Employees. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-03-15/sensitive-data-stolen-from-global-shipping-company-svitzer/9552600
• Burgess, J. (2013, April 30). Offshore Drill Rigs at Threat From Computer Viruses. Oilprice.com. https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Offshore-Drill-Rigs-at-Threat-from-Computer-Viruses.html
• Chambers, S. (2020, April 10). MSC Website Down, Carrier Admits it Might Have Been Hit by Malware. Splash247.com. https://splash247.com/msc-website-down-carrier-admits-it-might-have-been-hit-by-malware/
• Chesney, R. (2021, August 25). SolarWinds and the Holiday Bear Campaign: A Case Study for the Classroom. LAWFARE. https://www.lawfareblog.com/solarwinds-and-holiday-bear-campaign-case-study-classroom
• Chevron Says Hit by Stuxnet Virus in 2010. (2012, November 9). Phys.org. https://phys.org/news/2012-11-chevron-stuxnet-virus.html
• Chinese hackers target dozens of universities in a bid to steal maritime military secrets. (2019, March 6). Cyware Hacker News. https://cyware.com/news/chinese-hackers-target-dozens-of-universities-in-a-bid-to-steal-maritime-military-secrets-2e8f4fd9
• Cimpanu, C. (2018, December 12). Ships Infected with Ransomware, USB Malware, Worms. ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/ships-infected-with-ransomware-usb-malware-worms/
• Court Backs World Fuel Services Following $17M Bunker Theft. (2016, June 9). Ship & Bunker. https://shipandbunker.com/news/world/340232-court-backs-world-fuel-services-following-17-million-bunker-theft
• Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). (2020, January 2). Alert (AA19-339A): Dridex Malware. U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/ aa19-339a
• Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). (2020, January 23). Alert (TA18-201A): Emotet Malware. U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-201A
• Dapena, K., & Moriarty, D. (2021, March 31). America's Imports Are Stuck on Ships Floating Just Off Los Angeles. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/americas-imports-are-stuck-on-ships-floating-just-off-los-angeles-11617183002
• DiDomenico, V.C., Klein, S.R., & Shin, K.H. (2023, May 10). Maritime Ransomware: Impacts and Incident Response. The Maritime Executive. https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/maritime-ransomware-impacts-and-incident-response
• Egozi, A. (2021, October 5). US Presses Israel On Haifa Port Amid China Espionage Concerns: Sources. Breaking Defense. https://breakingdefense.com/2021/10/us-presses-israel-on-haifa-port-amid-china-espionage-concerns-sources/
• Escobar, M.C. (2020, March 4). Carnival Corp. Announces Data Breach Affecting Two of its Cruise Lines. Hospitality Technology. https://hospitalitytech.com/carnival-corp-announces-data-breach-affecting-two-its-cruise-lines
• Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). (n.d.). Intellectual Property Theft/Piracy. FBI Web site. https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/white-collar-crime/piracy-ip-theft
• Field, M. (2018, October 11). WannaCry Cyber Attack Cost the NHS £92M as 19,000 Appointments Cancelled. The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2018/10/11/wannacry-cyber-attack-cost-nhs-92m-19000-appointments-cancelled/
• Garmin-owned Navigation Company Accidently Exposed Data of Thousands of Boat Owners. (2018, October 9). Cyware Hacker News. https://cyware.com/news/garmin-owned-navigation-company-accidentally-exposed-data-of-thousands-of-boat-owners-f4709e17
• Ghosh, A. (2017, May 16). WannaCry: List of Major Companies and Networks Hit by Ransomware Around the Globe. International Business Times. https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/wannacry-list-major-companies-networks-hit-by-deadly-ransomware-around-globe-1621587
• Greenberg, A. (2018, August 22). The Untold Story of NotPetya, the Most Devastating Cyberattack in History. WIRED. https://www.wired.com/story/notpetya-cyberattack-ukraine-russia-code-crashed-the-world/
• Greenberg, A. (2019). SANDWORM. New York: Doubleday.
• Hamill-Stewart, J., & Sallay, A. (ed.). (2022, December 19). Hackers Have Found a New Incentive to Target Shipping. The Maritime Executive. https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/hackers-have-found-a-financial-incentive-to-target-shipping
• Hamill-Stewart, J., Mikhaylov, D., & Sallay, A. (ed.). (2023, May 7). Hackers Could Use ChatGPT to Infiltrate Vessels. The Maritime Executive. https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/hackers-could-use-chatgpt-to-infiltrate-vessels
• Harrington, K. (2013, March 7). Malware Infects Gulf of Mexico Offshore Rigs. ChEnected. https://www.aiche.org/chenected/2013/03/malware-infects-gulf-mexico-offshore-rigs
• Herr, T., Loomis, W., Schroeder, E., Scott, S., Handler, S., & Zuo, T. (2021, March). Broken Trust: Lessons from Sunburst. Cyber Statecraft Initiative, Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security, Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/BROKEN-TRUST.pdf
• Hochfelder, B. (2018, April 30). Cyber Pirates: The Latest Threat to Ocean Shipping. Supply Chain Dive. https://www.supplychaindive.com/news/ocean-shipping-carriers-cyber-risk/522417/
• Holt, S.M. (2022, November 20). Cyber Pirates. The Maritime Executive. https://www.maritime-executive.com/magazine/cyper-pirates
• Hsieh, L. (2015, September 8). Drilling Cybersecurity. Drilling Contractor. https://www.drillingcontractor.org/drilling-cybersecurity-36727
• International Maritime Organization (IMO). (n.d.). AIS Transponders. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Pages/AIS.aspx
• INTERTANKO. (2019). Jamming and Spoofing of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). https://www.maritimeglobalsecurity.org/media/1043/2019-jamming-spoofing-of-gnss.pdf
• Jones, K.D., Tam, K., & Papadaki, M. (2016). Threat and Impacts in Maritime Cyber Security. Engineering & Technology Reference. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kevin_Jones62/publication/304263412_Threats_and_Impacts_in_Maritime _Cyber_Security/links/5a38e96caca272a6ec1f10a9/Threats-and-Impacts-in-Maritime-Cyber-Security.pdf
• Keller, J. (2019, March 13). U.S. Navy Under Cyber Attack From Chinese Hackers and Hemorrhaging National-Security Secrets. Military & Aerospace Electronics. https://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/pt/2019/03/cyber-attack-navy-chinese-hackers.html
• Kovacs, E. (2018, July 26). Shipping Giant COSCO Hit by Ransomware. SecurityWeek. https://www.securityweek.com/shipping-giant-cosco-hit-ransomware
• Krebs, B. (2017, March 8). WikiLeaks Dumps Docs on CIA's Hacking Tools. Krebs on Security. https://krebsonsecurity.com/2017/03/wikileaks-dumps-docs-on-cias-hacking-tools/
• Kynge, J., Campbell, C., Kazmin, A., & Bokhari, F. (2017, January 12). How China Rules The Waves. Financial Times. https://ig.ft.com/sites/china-ports/
• Lazenby, H. (2015, February 2). Nautilus Minerals Falls Victim to Cyber Scam, Prepays $10M Into Wrong Account. Mining Weekly. http://www.miningweekly.com/article/nautilus-minerals-the-victim-of-a-cyber-scam-prepays-10m-to-wrong-account-2015-02-02
• Lillis, K.B., Bertrand, N., & Atwood, K. (2021, November 19). Construction Halted on Secret Project at Chinese Port in UAE After Pressure From US, Officials Say. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/19/politics/china-uae-us-construction-port/index.html
• Malaysian Bunker Company Loses More Than $1 Million in Email Scam. (2017, June 12). Asia/Pacific News. https://shipandbunker.com/news/apac/509648-malaysian-bunker-company-loses-more-than-1-million-in-email-scam
• MalwareTech. (2017, May 13). How to Accidently Stop a Global Cyber Attacks. MalwareTech Blog. https://www.malwaretech.com/2017/05/how-to-accidentally-stop-a-global-cyber-attacks.html
• Microsoft. (n.d.). Support for Windows XP Ended. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/windows/end-of-windows-xp-support
• Microsoft. (2017, March 14). Microsoft Security Bulletin MS17-010 - Critical: Security Update for Microsoft Windows SMB Server (4013389). https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/SecurityBulletins/2017/ms17-010
• Microsoft. (2018, August 3). Trojan:Win32/EternalBlue. Microsoft Security Intelligence. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/threats/malware-encyclopedia-description?Name=Trojan:Win32/EternalBlue&ThreatID=-2147239042
• Munro, K. (2018, January 9). Hacking Maritime IFTFCC Messaging for Invoice Fraud. Pen Test Partners. https://www.pentestpartners.com/security-blog/hacking-maritime-iftfcc-messaging-for-invoice-fraud/
• Newman, N. (2019, April 18). Cyber Pirates Terrorising the High Seas. Engineering and Technology. https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2019/04/cyber-pirates-terrorising-the-high-seas/
• Olenick, D. (2018, October 9). Navionics' Misconfigured MongoDB Server Exposes 260,000 Records. SC Magazine. https://www.scmagazine.com/home/news/navionics-misconfigured-mongodb-server-exposes-260000-records/
• Palmer, D. (2017, August 16). Petya Ransomware: Cyberattack Costs Cold Hit $300M for Shipping Giant Maersk. ZDNet. http://www.zdnet.com/article/petya-ransomware-cyber-attack-costs-could-hit-300m-for-shipping-giant-maersk/
• Pham, S. (2018, March 23). How Much has the US Lost From China's IP Theft? CNN Business. https://money.cnn.com/2018/03/23/technology/china-us-trump-tariffs-ip-theft/index.html
• Pickrell, R. (2019, March 13). The US Navy and its Partners are 'Under Cyber Siege' From Chinese Hackers and are Hemorrhaging National-Security Secrets. Business Insider India. https://www.businessinsider.in/The-US-Navy-and-its-partners-are-under-cyber-siege-from-Chinese-hackers-and-are-hemorrhaging-national-security-secrets/articleshow/68383668.cms
• Rajamanickam, V. (2018, July 27). COSCO's Cyber Attack and the Importance of Maritime Cybersecurity. American Shipper. https://www.freightwaves.com/news/technology/coscos-cyber-attack-and-the-importance-of-maritime-cybersecurity
• Rohan, R. (2023, February 28). Identifying Commonalities of Cyberattacks Against the Maritime Transportation System. 18th International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, March 9-10, 2023. DOI: 10.34190/iccws.18.1.965
• Rüegamer, A., & Kowalewski, D. (2015). Jamming and Spoofing of GNSS Signals - An Underestimated Risk?! FIG Working Week 2015: From the Wisdom of the Ages to the Challenges of the Modern World, Sofia, Bulgaria, May 17-21, 2015. https://fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/fig2015/papers/ts05g/TS05G_ruegamer_kowalewski_7486.pdf
• Scimia, E. (2019, June 2). China-Operated Ports Raise Security Fears for US, NATO. Asia Times. https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/06/article/are-chinese-operated-ports-a-security-risk-for-us-nato/
• Scroxton, A. (2020, August 18). Carnival Cruise Lines Hit by Ransomware, Customer Data Stolen. ComputerWeekly.com. https://www.computerweekly.com/news/252487779/Carnival-cruise-lines-hit-by-ransomware-customer-data-stolen
• Shen, C., & Baker, J. (2020, September 28). CMA CGM Confirms Ransomware Attack. Lloyd's List Maritime Intelligence. https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/LL1134044/CMA-CGM-confirms-ransomware-attack
• Simms, R. (2020, March 2). Cruise Line Hack Exposes Personal and Financial Data. Cruiseradio.net. https://cruiseradio.net/cruise-line-hack-exposes-personal-and-financial-data/
• Sonnemaker, T. (2020, August 3). Garmin Reportedly Paid Hackers a Multimillion Dollar Ransom to Recover Files After a Cyberattack That Left Their Services Offline for Several Days Last Month. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/garmin-paid-multimillion-dollar-ransom-to-hackers-report-2020-8
• Swinhoe, D. (2019, October 9). Rebuilding After NotPetya: How Maersk Moved Forward. CSO. https://www.csoonline.com/article/3444620/rebuilding-after-notpetya-how-maersk-moved-forward.html
• Targett, E. (2018, July 30). COSCO: Shipping Giant's IT Systems Recovered. Computer Business Review. https://www.cbronline.com/news/costco-online
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• Truong, K. (2020, July 28). The Garmin Ransomware Hack is Horrifying. Vice. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/5dzkd5/the-garmin-ransomware-hack-is-horrifying
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). (2020, September 30). Malicious Email Spoofing Incidents. Marine Safety Information Bulletin (MSIB 19-20). https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/DCO%20Documents/5p/MSIB/2020/USCG-MSIB-19-20-CYBER-SPOOFING.pdf
• Warren, T. (2017, May 31). Microsoft Issues "Highly Unusual" Windows XP Patch to Prevent Massive Ransomware Attack. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/13/15635006/microsoft-windows-xp-security-patch-wannacry-ransomware-attack
• Worthington, B. (2018, November 2). Explainers: Here's What You Need to Know About the Austal Cyber Attack and Extortion Attempt. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-02/austal-ship-cyber-attack-and-extortion-attempt-national-security/10458982
• Zetter, K. (2014). Countdown to Zero Day: Stuxnet and the Launch of the World's First Digital Weapon. New York: Crown.
• Zorabedian, J. (2016, March 7). Pirates Hacked Shipping Company to Steal Infor for Efficient Hijackings. Naked Security. https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2016/03/07/pirates-hacked-shipping-company-to-steal-info-for-efficient-hijackings/

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Chapter 4. Ports and Cybersecurity

• Achten, N. (2019, September 30). New U.N. Debate on Cybersecurity in the Context of International Security. Lawfare Blog. https://www.lawfareblog.com/new-un-debate-cybersecurity-context-international-security
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• Baker, R. (2020, November 30). Maritime OSINT: Port Analysis. wondersmith_rae blog. https://wondersmithrae.medium.com/maritime-osint-port-analysis-d09b4531728d
• Barnes, P., & Oloruntoba, R. (2005). Assurance of Security in Maritime Supply Chains: Conceptual Issues of Vulnerability and Crisis Management. Journal of International Management, 11(4), 519-540. DOI: 10.1016/j.intman.2005.09.008
• Barrett, R. (2022, July 13). How America's Ports Defend Against Cyberthreats. StateTech. https://statetechmagazine.com/article/2022/07/how-americas-ports-defend-against-cyberthreats
• Boyens, J., Paulsen, C., Moorthy, R., & Bartol, N. (2015, April). Supply Chain Risk Management Practices for Federal Information Systems and Organizations. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication (SP) 800-161, U.S. Department of Commerce. DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-161
• Brigham, L. (2021, May). The Suez Canal and Global Trade Routes. Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute, 147(5). https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2021/may/suez-canal-and-global-trade-routes
• Chambers, S. (2018, November 29). Iranians Behind San Diego Port Ransomware Attack. Splash247.com. https://splash247.com/iranians-behind-san-diego-port-ransomware-attack/
• Cimpanu, C. (2018, September 27). Port of San Diego Suffers Cyber-Attack, Second Port in a Week After Barcelona. ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/port-of-san-diego-suffers-cyber-attack-second-port-in-a-week-after-barcelona/
• Corrigan, J. (2019, February 20). Supply Chain Attacks Spiked 78 Percent in 2018, Cyber Researchers Found. Nextgov. https://www.nextgov.com/cybersecurity/2019/02/supply-chain-attacks-spiked-78-percent-2018-cyber-researchers-found/154996/
• Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). (2018, March 16). Russian Government Cyber Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. National Cyber Awareness System Alert, TA18-074A. U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-074A
• Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). (2020, February). Port Facility Cybersecurity Risks. U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/port-facility-cybersecurity-risks-infographic_508.pdf
• Daffron, J., Ruffle, S., Coburn, A., Quantrill, K., Strong, K., & Leverett, E. (2019). Shen Attack: Cyber Risk in Asia Pacific Ports. Cambridge Centre for Risk Studies. https://assets.lloyds.com/assets/pdf-cyrim-shen-attack-final-report/1/pdf-cyrim-shen-attack-final-report.pdf
• DOT Launches New Marine Highway Module of Port Planning and Investment Toolkit. (2020, October 15). Homeland Security Today. https://www.hstoday.us/subject-matter-areas/transportation/dot-launches-new-marine-highway-module-of-port-planning-and-investment-toolkit/
• Drougkas, A., Sarri, A., Kyranoudi, P. (2020, December). CYBER RISK MANAGEMENT FOR PORTS: Guidelines for Cybersecurity in the Maritime Sector. ENISA. https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/guidelines-cyber-risk-management-for-ports/at_download/fullReport
• Drougkas, A., Sarri, A., Kyranoudi, P., & Zisi, A. (2019, November). Port Cybersecurity. European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA). https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/port-cybersecurity-good-practices-for-cybersecurity-in-the-maritime-sector/at_download/fullReport
• Elkins, L. (2019, November 5). The 6th Warfighting Domain. Over The Horizon. https://othjournal.com/2019/11/05/the-6th-warfighting-domain/
• Esage, A. (2018, September 26). Hacking Attack in Port of Barcelona. Information Security Newspaper. https://www.securitynewspaper.com/2018/09/26/hacking-attack-in-port-of-barcelona/
• Fredrickson, K. (2021, May 9). Marine Transportation System (MTS) Cyber Spotlight: Approaching deadlines for incorporating cyber into Facility Security Assessments (FSA) and Facility Security Plans (FSP). Coast Guard Maritime Commons. https://mariners.coastguard.blog/2021/05/09/marine-transportation-system-mts-cyber-spotlight/
• Hale, Z. (2018, March 13). Port of Longview Hit With Major Cyberattack. The Daily News. http://tdn.com/news/local/port-of-longview-hit-with-major-cyberattack/article_25102b63-d897-5cfd-b16b-ffec70545d1d.html
• International Association of Ports and Harbors (IAPH). (2021, July 2). Cybersecurity Guidelines for Ports and Port Facilities, v 1.0. https://sustainableworldports.org/wp-content/uploads/IAPH-Cybersecurity-Guidelines-version-1_0.pdf
• Holt, S.M. (2021, December 12). Is the Global Supply Chain the Next Big Cyber Target? The Maritime Executive. https://www.maritime-executive.com/magazine/is-the-global-supply-chain-the-next-big-cyber-target
• Iran: One of 2 Cyberattack Targets was Country's Ports. (2020, October 16). Asharq Al-Awsat. https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/2567991/iran-one-2-cyberattack-targets-was-countrys-ports
• ISRAEL: Water Command and Control Infrastructure Came Under Cyber-Attack. (2020, May 10). SyriacPress. https://syriacpress.com/blog/2020/05/10/israel-israeli-water-infrastructure-came-cyber-attacked/
• Joffre, T. (2020, May 11). Cyber Attack Targets Iranian Port Near Strait of Hormuz. The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/cyber-attack-targets-iranian-port-near-strait-of-hormuz-627616
• Kim, N., Herr, T., & Schneier, B. (2020, June). The Reverse Cascade: Enforcing Security on the Global IoT Supply Chain. Cyber Statecraft Initiative, Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security, Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Reverse-Cascade-Report-web.pdf
• Kochetkova, K. (2015, May 22). Maritime Industry is Easy Meat For Cyber Criminals. Kaspersky Daily. https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/maritime-cyber-security/8796/
• Konrad, J. (2022, July 24). Port Of LA Calls FBI After Cyber Attacks Double. gCaptain. https://gcaptain.com/port-of-la-calls-fbi-after-cyber-attacks-double/
• Kovacs, E. (2018, September 28). Port of San Diego Hit by Ransomware. SecurityWeek. https://www.securityweek.com/port-san-diego-hit-ransomware
• Kuhn, K., Kipkech, J., & Shaikh, S. (2021, June). Maritime Ports and Cybersecurity. In M. Fiorini & N. Gupta (eds.), ICT Solutions and Digitalisation in Ports and Shipping, Institution of Engineering and Technology, Chap. 2, pp. 37-68. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kristen-Kuhn-3/publication/353218415_Maritime_ports_and_cybersecurity/links/621f73d439529602315b02cd/Maritime-ports-and-cybersecurity.pdf
• Lampert, E. (2019, March 14). Port Security is so Much More Than Guns, Gates, and Guards. Riviera. https://www.rivieramm.com/news-content-hub/news-content-hub/port-security-is-so-much-more-than-guns-gates-and-guards-54177
• Liu, H., Tian, Z., Huang, A., & Yang, Z. (2018, January). Analysis of Vulnerabilities in Maritime Supply Chains. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 169, 475-484. DOI: 10.1016/j.ress.2017.09.018
• Loock, J. (2019, May 23). Singapore Opens Maritime Cybersecurity Operations Centre (MSOC). Maritime Security Review. http://www.marsecreview.com/2019/05/singapore-opens-maritime-cybersecurity-operations-centre-msoc/
• Maritime & Port Security Information Sharing & Analysis Organization (MPS-ISAO). (2017, September 27). W2 Social Engineering Incident Affecting U.S. Port. Tactical Intelligence Cyber Report TR-127-2017.
• Maritime & Port Security Information Sharing & Analysis Organization (MPS-ISAO). (2018, February 20). Imposter Phone Lure. Warning Report MPS-2018-002.
• Maritime & Port Security Information Sharing & Analysis Organization (MPS-ISAO). (2018, June 8). Successful Phish Leads to Secondary Attacks. Warning Report WR-18-0013.
• McNicholas, M.A. (Ed.) (2016). Maritime Security: An Introduction, 2/e. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
• Mims, C. (2021). Arriving Today: From Factory to Front Door — Why Everything Has Changed About How and What We Buy. New York: Harper Business.
• Moara-Nkwe, K., Tam, K., Hopcraft, R., & Jones, K. (2022, August). Simulation Modelling of Maritime Port Operations: Analysing the Impacts of Disruptions on Ports. Maritime Cyber Threats Research Group, University Of Plymouth. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362518077_Simulation_Modelling_of_Maritime_Port_Operations_Analysing_the_Impacts_of_Disruptions_on_Ports
• Mongelluzzo, B. (2019, April 26). Port of LA Enlists Industry to Fend Off Cyber Threats. Joc.com. https://www.joc.com/port-news/us-ports/port-los-angeles/port-la-enlists-industry-fend-cyber-threats_20190426.html
• Munro, K. (2018, September 21). Container Theft, the Legal System, and Poor Maritime Security. Pen Test Partners. https://www.pentestpartners.com/security-blog/container-theft-the-legal-system-and-poor-maritime-security/
• Nicaise, V. (2022, September 1). Cybermarétique: A Short History of Cyberattacks Against Ports. Stormshield. https://www.stormshield.com/news/cybermaretique-a-short-history-of-cyberattacks-against-ports/
• Pasternack, A. (2013, October 21). To Move Drugs, Traffickers Are Hacking Shipping Containers. Motherboard. https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/bmjgk8/how-traffickers-hack-shipping-containers-to-move-drugs
• Petta, M.C. (2021, September 29). Port Cybersecurity: Incorporating the IAPH's New Guidelines into the ISPS Code. Center for International Maritime Security (CIMSEC. https://cimsec.org/incorporating-the-iaphs-new-cybersecurity-guidelines-into-the-international-ship-and-port-facility-security-code/
• Polemi, N. (2018). Port Cybersecurity: Securing Critical Information Infrastructures and Supply Chains. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
• Port Technology International Team. (2022, January 25). Port of Los Angeles Launches Cyber Resilience Center. Port Technology. https://www.porttechnology.org/news/port-of-los-angeles-launches-cyber-resilience-center/
• Rowsell, J. (2021, August 3). Supply Chain Cyber Attacks to 'Quadruple.' Supply Management. https://www.cips.org/supply-management/news/2021/august/supply-chain-cyber-attacks-to-quadruple/
• Ross, J.A.J., Walker, D.J., Tam, K., & Jones, K.D. (2022, June 1). Towards a Digital Twin of a Complex Maritime Site for Multi-Objective Optimization. University of Plymouth Pedagogic Research and Development Database. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/19279
• Scully, B.M., & Chambers, K.F. (2019, Septeber 12). Measuring Port Disruptions with Automatic Identification System Data. In P. Jain & W.S. Stahlman III (eds.), Ports 2019: Port Planning and Development, Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 311-321. DOI: 10.1061/9780784482629.030
• Tam, K., Hopcraft, R., Moara-Nkwe, K., Misas, J.P., Andrews, W., Harish, A.V., Giménez, P, Crichton, T., & Jones, K. (2021, December 6). Case Study of a Cyber-Physical Attack Affecting Port and Ship Operational Safety. Journal of Transportation Technologies, 12(1), 1-27. DOI: 10.4236/jtts.2022.121001
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). (n.d.). U.S. Coast Guard Maritime Security (MARSEC) Levels. https://www.uscg.mil/What-Is-MARSEC/
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). (2023, January). Maritime Cybersecurity Assessment and Annex Guide (MCAAG). USCG Office of Port & Facility Compliance - Cybersecurity and USCG Cyber Command - Maritime Cyber Readiness Branch. https://dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/CG-FAC/Documents/Maritime%20Cyber%20Assessment%20%20Annex%20Guide%20(MCAAG)_released%2023JAN2023.pdf?ver=NE11YUspj_kNa3xRoMd0TQ%3d%3d
• Warrick, J., & Nakashima, E. (2020, May 18). Officials: Israel Linked to a Disruptive Cyberattack on Iranian Port Facility. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/officials-israel-linked-to-a-disruptive-cyberattack-on-iranian-port-facility/2020/05/18/9d1da866-9942-11ea-89fd-28fb313d1886_story.html
• Watkins, E. (2019, April 26). Port of Los Angeles Moves to Counter Maritime Cyber Crime. Lloyd's List. https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/LL1127221/Port-of-Los-Angeles-moves-to-counter-maritime-cyber-crime
• Wingrove, M. (2020, November 23). Cyber Attack Shuts Down US Port Servers. https://www.rivieramm.com/news-content-hub/news-content-hub/cyber-attack-shuts-down-us-port-servers-61955
• Xin, L. (2023). A Ship Network Security Assessment Model. 2023 2nd Asia Conference on Electrical, Power and Computer Engineering (EPCE), Xiamen, China, April 22-24, 2023, pp. 23-27. DOI: 10.1109/EPCE58798.2023.00013
• Young, D.L., Scully, B.M., & Chambers, K.F. (2022, March 16). Resilience-Focused Analysis of the United States Maritime Transportation System Using Automatic Identification System Data. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2676(7), 726-742. DOI: 10.1177/03611981221082561

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Chapter 5. Shipboard Communication Systems

• Atlas Obscura. (n.d.). The Zenobia Shipwreck. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-zenobia-shipwreck-larnaca-cyprus
• Bacon, J. (2019, September 9.) Four Missing After Ship Capsizes, Burns Near Georgia Coast. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/09/08/four-missing-after-ship-capsizes-burns-near-georgia-coast/2255568001/
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• Chowdhury, S. (2016, January 20). Italian Marines Case: Two Killings at Sea, An International Legal Battle. The Indian Express. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/simply-put-2-killings-at-sea-an-international-legal-battle/
• Clifton, P. (2016, March 17). Hoegh Osaka Ship Was 'Unstable' When it Left Southampton Port. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-35823182
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• Degnarain, N. (2020, November 6). Captain's Noon Reports Crucial Missing Evidence For Mauritius Oil Spill Ship. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/nishandegnarain/2020/11/06/captains-noon-reports-crucial-missing-evidence-for-mauritius-oil-spill-ship/?sh=16f204841a67
• Dewey, C.M. (2016, December 19). Pentesting Cruise Ships OR Hacking the High Seas [video]. Hackfest HF. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-LmM43dz7vo
• Fantasia & Fiesta. (n.d.). Forgotten Sister: The Zenobia Story. http://www.hhvferry.com/zenobia.html
• Franceschi-Bicchierai, L. (2015, December 9). Pirate Hackers Can Easily Spy on Ships Through Insecure 'Black Boxes.' Motherboard. https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/53dzn5/pirate-hackers-can-easily-spy-on-ships-through-insecure-black-boxes
• Goodin, D. (2020, August 5). Insecure Satellite Internet is Threatening Ship and Plane Safety. Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2020/08/insecure-satellite-internet-is-threatening-ship-and-plane-safety/
• Hamill-Stewart, J., & Sallay, A. (ed.). (2023, May 23). VSAT Connectivity Comes With Cybersecurity Threats to Vessels. The Maritime Executive. https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/vsat-connectivity-comes-with-cybersecurity-threats-to-vessels
• Hamilton, M.K. (2019). 4 Tips for Cruise Ship Cybersecurity. Critical Insight. https://www.criticalinsight.com/resources/news/article/4-tips-for-cruise-ship-cybersecurity
• Harish, A.V., Tam, K., & Jones, K. (2022, November). Investigating the Security and Accessibility of Voyage Data Recorder Data Using a USB Attack. CYBER 2022: The Seventh International Conference on Cyber-Technologies and Cyber-Systems. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kimberly-Tam/publication/365365607_Investigating_the_Security_and_Accessibility_of_Voyage_Data_Recorder_Data_using_a_USB_attack/links/6372430154eb5f547cd13623/Investigating-the-Security-and-Accessibility-of-Voyage-Data-Recorder-Data-using-a-USB-attack.pdf
• Iran's Secret Cyber Files On How Cargo Ships and Petrol Stations Could Be Attacked. (2021, July 27). IFMAT. https://www.ifmat.org/07/27/irans-secret-cyber-files-on-how-cargo-ships-and-petrol-stations-could-be-attacked/
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• Jo, Y., Choi, O., You, J., Cha, Y., & Lee, D.H. (2022, February 26). Cyberattack Models for Ship Equipment based on the MITRE ATT&CK Framework. Sensors, 22(5), 1860. DOI: 10.3390/s22051860
• Kang, J., Moon, D., & Kim, J. (2014, January 9). Building Communication Interface in Ship Area Network for Merchant Marine: A Practical Approach. 2013 13th International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS 2013), October 20-23, 2013. DOI: 10.1109/ICCAS.2013.6704107
• Kessler, G.C. (2021, September). The CAN Bus in the Maritime Environment - Technical Overview and Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities. TransNav, The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 15(3), 531-540. DOI: 10.12716/1001.15.03.05
• Krile, S., Kezić, D., & Dimc, F. (2013). NMEA Communication Standard for Shipboard Data Architecture. OUR SEA: International Journal of Maritime Science & Technology, 60(3-4), 68–81. https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/162159
• Leyden, J. (2017, November 20). Container Ship Loading Plans Are 'Easily Hackable.' The Register. https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/11/20/container_ship_loading_software_mischief/
• Luft, L.A., Anderson, L., & Cassidy, F. (2002). NMEA 2000 A Digital Interface for the 21st Century. 2002 National Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, San Diego, California, January 28–30, 2002, pp. 796–807. https://www.nmea.org/Assets/nmea-2000-digital-interface-white-paper.pdf
• Maritime & Port Security Information Sharing & Analysis Organization (MPS-ISAO). (2017, September 29). Vessel Video Camera Hack Update. Tactical Cyber Intelligence Report TR-130-2017.
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• McGarry, C., Clay, A., & Sage-Passant, L. (host). (2022, October 13). How to get on a Watchlist Episode 7: How to Hijack a Ship [Podcast]. Encyclopedia Geopolitica. https://encyclopediageopolitica.com/2022/10/13/how-to-get-on-a-watchlist-episode-7-how-to-hijack-a-ship/
• McNally, M. (2022, February 23). Cybersecurity for the Increasingly Connected Ship. The Maritime Executive. https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/cybersecurity-for-the-increasingly-connected-ship
• Mehta, J., Richard, G., Lugosch, L., Yu, D., & Meyer, B.H. (2023, January). DT-DS: CAN Intrusion Detection with Decision Tree Ensembles. ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems. DOI: 10.1145/3566132
• Munro, K. (2017, October 13). OSINT From Ship Satcoms. Pen Test Partners. https://www.pentestpartners.com/security-blog/osint-from-ship-satcoms/
• Munro, K. (2017, November 16). Sinking Container Ships by Hacking Load Plan Software. Pen Test Partner. https://www.pentestpartners.com/security-blog/sinking-container-ships-by-hacking-load-plan-software/
• Munro, K. (2017, November 17). Making Prawn Espressos, or Hacking Ships by Deciphering BAPLIE EDIFACT Messaging. Pen Test Partners. https://www.pentestpartners.com/security-blog/making-prawn-espressos-or-hacking-ships-by-deciphering-baplie-edifact-messaging/
• Munro, K. (2017, December 13). Sinking Bulk Carrier Ships by Hacking HSMS. Pen Test Partners. https://www.pentestpartners.com/security-blog/sinking-bulk-carrier-ships-by-hacking-hsms/
• Munro, K. (2018, June 25). Hacking Serial Networks on Ships. Pen Test Partners. https://www.pentestpartners.com/security-blog/hacking-serial-networks-on-ships/
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• National Security Agency (NSA). (2022, January 25). Protecting VSAT Communications. Cybersecurity Advisory (CSA). https://media.defense.gov/2022/Jan/25/2002927101/-1/-1/0/CSA_PROTECTING_VSAT_COMMUNICATIONS_01252022.PDF
• Nichols, S. (2016, April 11). Half of People Plug in USB Drives They Find in the Parking Lot. The Register. https://www.theregister.com/2016/04/11/half_plug_in_found_drives/
• Osborne, C. (2017, October 26). Hackers Can Gain Access to Maritime Ship Data Through a Built-In Backdoor. ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/hackers-gain-full-access-to-maritime-ships/
• Oslund, M. (2023, September/October). Standards Update: How Vulnerable is NMEA 2000 to Cyberattacks? Marine Electronics Journal, 33(5), 12, 50. https://www.marineelectronicsjournal-digital.com/marineelectronicsjournal/september_october_2023
• Pavur, J., Mosery, D., Strohmeiery, M., Lendersy, V., & Martinovic, I. (2020, May). A Tale of Sea and Sky On the Security of Maritime VSAT Communications. 2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), San Francisco, May 18-21, 2020. DOI: 10.1109/SP40000.2020.00056
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• Santamarta, R. (2014). A Wake-Up Call For SATCOM Security. IOActive Technical White Paper. https://ioactive.com/pdfs/IOActive_SATCOM_Security_WhitePaper.pdf
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• Santamarta, R. (2018, August). Last Call For SATCOM Security. IOActive White Paper. http://i.blackhat.com/us-18/Thu-August-9/us-18-Santamarta-Last-Call-For-Satcom-Security-wp.pdf
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• Söner, Ö., Kayisoglu, G., Bolat, P., & Tam., K. (2023, January). Cybersecurity Risk Assessment of VDR. The Journal of Navigation. DOI: 10.1017/S0373463322000595
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• Wolsing, K., Saillard, A., Bauer, J., Wagner, E., van Sloun, C., Fink, I.B., Schmidt, M., Wehrle, K., & Henze, M. (2022, September). Network Attacks Against Marine Radar Systems: A Taxonomy, Simulation Environment, and Dataset. IEEE 47th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. DOI: 10.1109/LCN53696.2022.9843801
• Zorz, Z. (2017, October 26). Critical Flaws in Maritime Comms System Could Endanger Entire Ships. Help Net Security. https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2017/10/26/critical-flaws-maritime-comms-system/
• Zorz, Z. (2018, June 7). Vulnerable Ship Systems: Many Left Exposed to Hacking. Help Net Security. https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2018/06/07/vulnerable-ship-systems/

[Top of Section | Top of Page]
Chapter 6. Navigation Systems

• AIS BlackToolkit. (2020, May 11). https://github.com/trendmicro/ais
• Aitken, P. (2020, August 8). Chinese Fleet Fishing Near Galapagos Protected Waters, Allegedly Falsifying GPS Location. Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/world/chinese-fleet-fishing-near-galapagos-protected-waters-allegedly-falsifying-gps-location
• Akarca, O. (2019, May 24). The World's Top 10 Strategic Straits and Channels. More Than Shipping. https://www.morethanshipping.com/the-worlds-top-10-strategic-straits-and-channels/
• Amro, A., & Gkioulos, V. (2022, September). From Click To Sink: Utilizing AIS for Command and Control in Maritime Cyber Attacks. 27th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security (ESORICS) 2022, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 535-553. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), 13556. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-17143-7_26 [[ VIDEO ]]
• Amro, A., Oruç, A., Gkioulos, V., & Katsikas, S. (2022, February 23). Navigation Data Anomaly Analysis and Detection. Information, 13(3), 104. DOI: 10.3390/info13030104
• Anderson, J.M., Carroll, K.L., DeVilbiss, N.P., Gillis, J.T., Hinks, J.C., O'Hanlon, B.W., Rushanan, J.J., Scott, L., & Yazdi, R.A. (2017, September). Chips-Message Robust Authentication (Chimera) for GPS Civilian Signals. 30th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2017), Portland, Oregon, pp. 2388-2416. DOI: 10.33012/2017.15206
• Automatic Identification System (AIS), 33 C.F.R. § 164.46 (2020). https://www.govregs.com/regulations/33/164.46
• Awan, M.S.K., & Al Ghamdi, M.A. (2019, October 2). Understanding the Vulnerabilities in Digital Components of An Integrated Bridge System (IBS). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 7(10), 350. DOI: 10.3390/jmse7100350
• Baker, R. (2019, October 2). OSINT on the Ocean: Maritime Intelligence Gathering Techniques. wondersmith_rae blog. https://wondersmithrae.medium.com/osint-on-the-ocean-maritime-intelligence-gathering-techniques-2ee39e554fe1
• Baker, R. (2021, April 12). 6 Tips For Investigating Maritime Vessels. wondersmith_rae blog. https://wondersmithrae.medium.com/6-tips-for-investigating-maritime-vessels-77e9c8bf75
• Balduzzi, M., Pasta, A., & Wilhoit, K. (2014, December). A Security Evaluation of AIS Automated Identification System. 30th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC '14), New Orleans, Louisiana, December 8-12, 2014, pp. 436-445. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.694.7968&type=pdf
• Balduzzi, M., Wilhoit, K., & Pasta, A. (2014, December). A Security Evaluation of AIS. Trend Micro Research Paper. https://www.trendmicro.com/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-a-security-evaluation-of-ais.pdf
• Bergman, B. (2020, May 26). AIS Ship Tracking Data Shows False Vessel Tracks Circling Above Point Reyes, Near San Francisco. SkyTruth. https://skytruth.org/2020/05/ais-ship-tracking-data-shows-false-vessel-tracks-circling-above-point-reyes-near-san-francisco/
• Bhatti, J., & Humphreys, T.E. (2017, May 7. Hostile Control of Ships via False GPS Signals: Demonstration and Detection. NAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation, 64(1), 51-66. DOI: 10.1002/navi.183
• Bockmann, M.W. (2019, August 16). Seized UK Tanker Likely 'Spoofed' by Iran. Lloyd's List. https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/LL1128820/Seized-UK-tanker-likely-spoofed-by-Iran
• Boling, A., Kuo, L., Snyder, L., & Sung, L. (2021). UNMASKED: Vessel Identity Laundering and North Korea's Maritime Sanctions Evasion. Center for Advanced Defense Studies (C4ADS). https://c4ads.org/s/Unmasked-North-Korea-Vessel-Identity-Laundering-ntbe.pdf
• Bransby, M. (2018, November 1). Innovation: An Alternative to GNSS for Maritime Positioning. GPS World. https://www.gpsworld.com/innovation-an-alternative-to-gnss-for-maritime-positioning/
• Braw, E. (2018, December 17). The GPS Wars Are Here. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/12/17/the-gps-wars-are-here/
• Buesnel, G. (2017, September 14). DEFCON25: GPS Time Ppoofing Now "Simple Party Trick" - Researcher. Ospirent. https://www.spirent.com/blogs/defcon-25
• Buesnel, G. (2020, December 2). Thousands of GNSS Jamming and Spoofing Incidents Reported in 2020. https://rntfnd.org/2020/12/24/thousands-of-gnss-jamming-and-spoofing-incidents-reported-in-2020-guy-buesnel/
• Burgess, M. (2017, September 21). When a Tanker Vanishes, All the Evidence Points to Russia. WIRED. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/black-sea-ship-hacking-russia
• Burgess, M. (2022, December 15). GPS Signals Are Being Disrupted in Russian Cities. WIRED. https://www-wired-com.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/www.wired.com/story/gps-jamming-interference-russia-ukraine/amp
• Bunwaree, P. (2023, January 11). The Illegality of Fishing Vessels 'Going Dark' and Methods of Deterrence. International & Comparative Law Quarterly, 72(1), 179-211. DOI: 10.1017/S0020589322000525
• Cadet, O., & Rinnan, A. (2016, October). Who Said That DP Does Not Rhyme With Cybersecurity? Dynamic Positioning Conference, Octiber 11-12, 2016. https://dynamic-positioning.com/proceedings/dp2016/Cybersecurity_Cadet_pp_2016.pdf
• Cameron, A. (2019, April 2). Russia Practices Widespread Spoofing. GPS World. https://www.gpsworld.com/russia-practices-widespread-spoofing
• Center for Advanced Defense Studies (C4ADS). (2019). Above Us Only Stars: Exposing GPS Spoofing in Russia and Syria. https://www.c4reports.org/aboveusonlystars
• Center for Advanced Defense Studies (C4ADS). (2019, December 2). Shanghai GPS Spoofing. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dTWu7H9JjRyN0uQPZ9HwiUzCFd7cd5pL
• Chow, B.G., & Kelley, B.W. (2021, July 28). Peace in the Era of Weaponized Space. SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/op-ed-peace-in-the-era-of-weaponized-space/
• Clements, Z., Ellis, P., Psiaki, M., & Humphreys, T.E. (2022, September). Geolocation of Terrestrial GNSS Spoofing Signals from Low Earth Orbit. 2022 ION GNSS+ Conference, Denver, Colorado, Sept. 19-23, 2022. https://radionavlab.ae.utexas.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/clements-spoofer-geolocation.pdf
• CockrellSchool. (2013, July 29). Spoofing on the High Seas [video]. Cockrell School's Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ctw9ECgJ8L0
• Curry, C. (2014, September 8) Detecting GPS Jammers: 'Gone in 20 Seconds.' CGSIC Annual Conference. https://www.gps.gov/cgsic/meetings/2014/curry.pdf
• Cutlip, K. (2017, March). AIS for Safety and Tracking: A Brief History. Global Fishing Watch. https://globalfishingwatch.org/data/ais-for-safety-and-tracking-a-brief-history
• Czaplewski, K., & Goward, D. (2016, June). Global Navigation Satellite Systems - Perspectives on Development and Threats to System Operation. TransNav, The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 10(2), 183-192. DOI: 10.12716/1001.10.02.01
• Danilov, P.B. (2020, June 26). GPS Jamming Still Causing Problems in Finnmark. High North News. https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/gps-jamming-still-causing-problems-finnmark
• Dovis, F. (2019, September). Assessment of the Effect of RFI Threats on GNSS-based Downstream Applications. 32nd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2019), Miami, Florida, September 16-20, 2019, pp. 2721-2741. DOI: 10.33012/2019.17124
• Divis, D.A. (2021, December 8). GPS-Independent Navigation at the Core of Space Development Agency's New LEO Constellation. Navigation Outlook. https://navoutlook.com/gps-independent-navigation-at-the-core-of-space-development-agencys-new-leo-constellation/
• Dunn, J.E. (2019, April 1). Russia Accused of Massive GPS Spoofing Campaign. Naked Security by Sophos. https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2019/04/01/russia-accused-of-massive-gps-spoofing-campaign/
• Dunn, K. (2018, November 21). Insight: Cyber Threats to Shipping Grow in East Mediterranean. S&P Global Platts. https://blogs.platts.com/2018/11/21/insight-cyber-threats-shipping-east-mediterranean/
• Dunn, K. (2020, January 22). Mysterious GPS Outages Are Wracking The Shipping Industry. Fortune. https://fortune.com/longform/gps-outages-maritime-shipping-industry/
• Dunn, K. (2020, January 24). The Long Ocean Voyage That Helped Find The Flaws in GPS. Fortune. https://fortune.com/2020/01/24/gps-disruption-test-voyage/
• Easton, I. (2009, August 10). The Great Game in Space: China's Evolving ASAT Weapons Programs and Their Implications for Future U.S. Strategy. Project 2049 Institute. https://project2049.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/china_asat_weapons_the_great_game_in_space.pdf
• Erstad, E., Lund, M.S., & Ostnes, R. (2022). Navigating Through Cyber Threats, A Maritime Navigator's Experience. In Tareq Ahram & Waldemar Karwowski (eds.), Human Factors in Cybersecurity, 53, 84–91. DOI: 10.54941/ahfe1002205
• European Union Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA). (2021, November 10). Galileo Open Service Navigation Message Authentication (OSNMA). EUSPA Info Note. https://www.gsc-europa.eu/sites/default/files/sites/all/files/Galileo_OSNMA_Info_Note.pdf
• Fischer, J. (2020, September 2). Resilient PNT: How to Detect, Protect and Prevent Disruption of GPS/GNSS/PNT Signals and Sources. Orolia. https://www.orolia.com/resilient-pnt-how-to-detect-protect-and-prevent-disruption-of-gps-gnss-pnt-signals-and-sources-2/
• González, R., Lacarra, E., López, M., & Heikonen, K. (2021, September). EGNOS Performance Along Finnish Coast. TransNav, The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 15(3), 551-556. DOI: 10.12716/1001.15.03.07
• Goodman, J. (2021, May 28). Tanker's Impossible Voyage Signals New Sanction Evasion Ploy. yahoo!news. https://news.yahoo.com/tanker-impossible-voyage-signals-sanction-040109857.html
• Goodman, J. (2022 February 3). Digital Warfare Tech at Sea Helping US Foes Evade Sanctions. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/technology-business-middle-east-iran-shipping-44d5cdc52e589c44a7bb0fc5be59d156
• Goudossis, A, & Katsikas, S.K. (2019, June). Towards a Secure Automatic Identification System (AIS). Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 24(2), 410-423. DOI: 10.1007/s00773-018-0561-3
• Goudossis, A, & Katsikas, S.K. (2020, June). Secure AIS With Identity-Based Authentication and Encryption. TransNav, The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 14(2). DOI: 10.12716/1001.14.02.03
• Goward, D. (2017). GPS Jamming and Spoofing: Maritime's Biggest Cyber Threat. In J. DiRenzo III, N.K. Drumhiller, & F.S. Roberts (Ed.), Issues in Maritime Cyber Security, pp. 407-415. Washington, D.C.: Westphalia Press.
• Goward, D. (2017, July 11). Mass GPS Spoofing Attack in Black Sea? Maritime Executive. https://maritime-executive.com/editorials/mass-gps-spoofing-attack-in-black-sea
• Goward, D.A. (2018, December). GNSS Spoofing - A Technology Re/evolution. US National PNT Advisory Board. https://www.gps.gov/governance/advisory/meetings/2018-12/goward.pdf
• Goward, D. (2019, June 19). The History of GPS Spoofing [video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2fZGVVH5lg
• Goward, D. (2019, August 13). GPS Jamming and Spoofing Reported at Port of Shanghai. Maritime Executive. https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/gps-jamming-and-spoofing-at-port-of-shanghai
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• Welch, H., Clavelle, T., White, T.D., Cimino1, M.A., Van Osdel, J., Hochberg, T., Kroodsma, D., & Hazen, E.L. (2022, November). Hot Spots of Unseen Fishing Vessels. Science Advances, 8(44). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq2109
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[Top of Section | Top of Page]
Chapter 7. Operational Technology and Autonomous Systems

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[Top of Section | Top of Page]
Chapter 8. Strategies for Maritime Cyberdefense

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• Wärtsilä. (2018, October 16) Wärtsilä Opens the First International Maritime Cyber Centre of Excellence in the World. https://www.wartsila.com/media/news/16-10-2018-wartsila-opens-the-first-international-maritime-cyber-centre-of-excellence-in-the-world-2296825
• Weiss, J.G., Helleputte, C.-A., & De Cicco, D. (2020, October 22). US DOE and NIST Partner to Improve Cybersecurity in Energy, Maritime Transportation Industries. Steptoe. https://www.steptoe.com/en/news-publications/us-doe-and-nist-partner-to-improve-cybersecurity-in-energy-maritime-transportation-industries.html
• White House (2020, December). National Maritime Cybersecurity Plan to the National Strategy for Maritime Security. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=848704
• Wingrove, M. (2020, November 5). Norway Opens Cyber Resilience Centre. Riviera. https://www.rivieramm.com/news-content-hub/news-content-hub/norway-opens-cyber-resilience-centre-61586

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Chapter 9. Concluding Thoughts

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Ancillary Material

Author Podcasts/Interviews/Presentations Maritime Cyber Newsletters, Blogs, and Web Sites Maritime Journals GPS/GNSS- and PNT-Related Sites Ship Tracking/AIS Aggregation and Other Maritime Intel Web Sites Papers Related to Securing AIS

Author Podcasts/Interviews/Presentations

• Gary gave a talk titled "Five (or More) Maritime Cybersecurity Challenges" in the Maritime track of the ICS Village at DEFCON 31 (08/11/2023).
• Gary presented a Control System Cyber Security Association International [(CS)²AI] Online seminar titled, "Geopolitical Issues of GPS/AIS Spoofing and Jamming " (07/12/2023).
• Gary was a member of a panel on "Current Cybersecurity Trends - Cyber Worktorce Development Strategies" as part of a Current Cybersecurity Trends and Global Threats virtual seminar, sponsored by the Georgia Tech Center for International Business Education & Research (GT CIBER), Global USA Business Forum (GUBF), and USA India Business Summit (UIBS) (06/29/2023).
• Gary was a member of the Maritime Cybersecurity panel at the Control System Cyber Security Association International [(CS)²AI] Online Symposium event, "Planes, Trains & Automobiles, and Boats Too!" (05/17/2023).
• Gary chaired a panel session about "Securing Ports" and gave a talk on "GPS/AIS Spoofing" at the 2nd Annual South Coast Cyber Summit in Beaufort, SC (03/20/2023).
• Gary gave a (virtual) talk on "ATON/VTS Cybersecurity" at the Canadian Coast Guard's Industry Day — Maritime Cybersecurity from Ship to Shore (03/09/2023).
• Gary was quoted in the following article: Careless, J. (2022, December 17). Upgrading Maritime Cybersecurity in a Dangerous World. Transport Security International. https://www.tsi-mag.com/upgrading-maritime-cybersecurity-in-a-dangerous-world/
• Gary Kessler participated in Panel 4 - Innovation to Meet Maritime Challenges, at the Maritime Security Challenges Conference (MSC 2022), Vancouver, BC, Canada (11/16/2022)
• Gary gave two talks at the University of Plymouth's Cyber-SHIP Annual Symposium, held at IMO Headquarters in London (10/26-27/2022) — Geopolitical Implications Of the Weaponization of GPS and AIS in the Maritime Domain and The Human Element: Strategies to Combat the Maritime Cyber Workforce Problem (with Will Loomis)
• Gary was a keynote speaker at the University of North Carolina, Wimington's 5th Annual Cybersecurity Awareness Conference (10/12-13/2023).
• Gary Kessler and A Historical View Of Information-Sharing (The Natural Curiosity Project Episode 167, hosted by Steven Shepard, 03/24/2022)
• Charting Course: Next Steps for Maritime Cybersecurity With Allies and Partners, an Atlantic Council's Cyber Statecraft Initiative event with an introduction by The Hon. Angus King (I-Maine), and a panel session with RADM John W. Mauger (Asst. Commandant for Prevention Policy (CG-5P), USCG), Gary Kessler (Non-Resident Senior Fellow, Atlantic Council), Josie Long (Cyber Security Consultant, MITRE), and Sean Kline (Dir. of Maritime Affairs, Chamber of Shipping of America), moderated by Nina Kollars (Assoc. Professor, Cyber and Innovation Policy Institute (CIPI), U.S. Naval War College) (12/14/2021)
• Maritime Cybersecurity Interview with Mr. William Loomis and Dr. Gary Kessler, a ThinkJSOU podcast moderated by Dr. Mark Grzegorzewski (12/02/2021)
• Designer's Series: Balancing Cybersecurity and Autonomy in the Maritime Domain, an interview with William Loomis, Dr. Gary C. Kessler, and Michael Pyne, hosted by Nicolé Mullins (Teasley), at HACKtheMACHINE (11/29/2021)
• Maritime Cybersecurity Panel with Stephen Mills (Royal Caribbean), Gary C. Kessler, and Daniel E. Turissini (Marine Technology Society), moderated by Lori Barfield and hosted by the Los Angeles Chapter of the Information Systems Security Association (ISSA-LA).
• Sea Control 293 - Cyber Threats & Chokepoints with Dr. Diane Zorri and Dr. Gary Kessler (Center for International Maritime Security (CIMSEC), hosted by Anna McNeil, 11/14/2021)
• Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Transportation & Infrastructure hearing on "The Evolving Cybersecurity Landscape: Industry Perspectives on Securing the Nation's Infrastructure" by Dr. Gary C. Kessler (11/04/2021) [Written testimony || Video of complete hearing (GCK's opening statement at 38:17-43:11)]
• Hack The Sea 3.0 Village/DEF CON 29 (08/2021)
• AIS Tools Demo (Notes from DEF CON)
• AIS Proctocol Internals (Abridged) (Notes from Hack the Sea)
• Cybersecurity Update with Gary Kessler (The Natural Curiosity Project, hosted by Steven Shepard, 06/21/2021)
• "GNSS/AIS Spoofing: Issues in Maritime CyberSecurity." Video presentation by Gary Kessler at Maritime Cyber Security 2021 virtual event (06/17/2021).
• Gary was quoted in the following article: Satira, B. (2021, May 12). Navigating the Waters of Maritime Cybersecurity. Help Net Security. https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2021/05/12/maritime-cybersecurity/
• An Interview With Gary Kessler on the National Maritime Cybersecurity Plan (The Natural Curiosity Project Episode 118, hosted by Steven Shepard, 02/18/2021)
• An Interview with Gary Kessler on Maritime Cybersecurity (Cybersecurity Career Intelligence, hosted by Fred Scholl, Quinnipiac University, 11/02/2020)
• An Interview With Gary Kessler on the Maritime Ransomware Attacks (The Natural Curiosity Project, hosted by Steven Shepard, 10/05/2020)
• Hack The Sea 2.0 Village at DEF CON 28 (08/2020)
• Build A Raspberry AIS
• GPS:AIS Spoofing Attacks and Some Tools
• Protecting AIS with Public Key Crypto Methods
• An Interview with Gary Kessler, Andrew Lee (Jones Walker), and LT Kevin Kuhn (USCG) on cyberattack liabilities for maritime companies (IN THE KNOW Podcast 7: Planning for Real-World Cyber Threats, The Maritime Executive, hosted by Paul Benecki, 01/06/2019)

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Maritime Cyber Newsletters, Blogs, and Web Sites

• Center for International Maritime Security (CIMSEC)
• Channel - 16 Maritime Security News
• Coast Guard Maritime Industry Cybersecurity Resource Center (USCG/CISA/MARAD)
• CSO Alliance
• Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) National Cyber Awareness System
• Digital Ship newsletter
• DNV cyber insights
• Dryad Global Channel - 16 Maritime Security News
• gCaptain
• Hellenic Shipping News
• JOC.com Maritime News
• Lloyd's List
• MarineLink
• Maritime and Port Security Information Sharing and Analysis Organization (MPS-ISAO) TLP-Green Reports and Advisories
• Maritime Domain Awareness Trade - Gulf of Guinea (MDAT-GoG)
• The Maritime Executive
• Maritime Journal
• Maritime Logistics Professional
• Maritime Transportation System Information Sharing and Analysis Center (MTS-ISAC)
• MCYSEKA - Maritime Cyber Security Knowledge Archive
• Navigation Outlook
• Resilient Navigation and Timing (RNT) Foundation
• Riviera Maritime Media
• SAFETY4SEA
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) Maritime Commons
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) Maritime Cyber Readiness Branch (MCRB)
• U.S. Naval Institute (USNI) News
• Vessel Performance Optimisation
• Voyage Worldwide

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Maritime Journals

• International Journal of Maritime Crime & Security
• Journal of Marine Science & Engineering
• Journal of Marine Science & Technology (Digital Commons)
• Journal of Marine Science & Technology (JASNAOE)
• NAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation
• OUR SEA: International Journal of Maritime Science & Technology
• The Journal of Navigation
• Transactions on Maritime Science
• TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
• WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs

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GPS/GNSS- and PNT-Related Sites

• CISA Positioning, Navigation, and Timing page
• GPSJam
• GPSPATRON
• International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) — Positioning , Navigation and Timing (PNT) page
• Interreg Baltic Sea Region R-Mode Baltic Project
• MarRINav: Improving the Integrity and Resilience of Maritime Navigation
• Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation
• The Institute of Navigation (ION)
• The Royal Institute of Navigation (RIN)
• USCG Navigation Center — GPS Problem Report Status page

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Ship Tracking/AIS Aggregation and Other Maritime Intel Web Sites

• AISHub
• Track The Worlds Vessels via Websocket (aisstream.io)
• CruiseMapper
• Equasis (Electronic Quality Shipping Information System)
• FleetMon
• MarineTraffic
• Maritime Cyber Attack Database (MCAD) at NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences
• My Ship Tracking
• Ship Tracker
• Shipfinder
• ShipMap -- Global shipping, 2012
• Shipspotting.com
• Submarine Telecoms Forum Undersea Cable Map
• TankerTrackers.com
• Vessel Finder
• Vesseltracker

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Papers Related to Securing AIS

One area of Gary's research is related to AIS, AIS security vulnerabilities and exploits, and methods with which to secure AIS. Although not a specific theme of the book, a secure AIS is integral to a secure MTS. In that spirit, here are some papers specifically related to AIS (and some GNSS) security:

• Anderson, J., Lo, S., & Walter, T. (2022, January). Cryptographic Ranging Authentication with TESLA, Rapid Re-keying, and a PRF. 2022 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Long Beach, California, pp. 43-55. DOI: 10.33012/2022.18226
• Anderson, J., Lo, S., & Walter, T. (2022, January). Efficient and Secure Use of Cryptography for Watermarked Signal Authentication. 2022 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Long Beach, California, pp. 68-82. DOI: 10.33012/2022.18228
• Androjna, A., Brcko, T., Pavic, I., & Greidanus, H. (2020, October 20). Assessing Cyber Challenges of Maritime Navigation. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8(10), 776. DOI: 10.3390/jmse8100776
• Androjna, A., & Perkovič, M. (2021, September). Impact of Spoofing of Navigation Systems on Maritime Situational Awareness. Transactions on Maritime Science, 10(2). DOI: 10.7225/toms.v10.n02.w08
• Androjna, A., Perkovič, M., Pavic, I., & Mičković. (2021, May). AIS Data Vulnerability Indicated by a Spoofing Case-Study. Applied Sciences, 11(11), 5015. DOI: 10.3390/app11115015
• Aziz, A., Tedeschi, P., Sciancalepore, S., & Di Pietro, R. (2020, August 7). SecureAIS - Securing Pairwise Vessels Communications. 2020 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS), 29 June-1 July, Avignon, France. DOI: 10.1109/CNS48642.2020.9162320
• Balduzzi, M., Pasta, A., & Wilhoit, K. (2014, December). A Security Evaluation of AIS Automated Identification System. 30th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC '14), New Orleans, Louisiana, December 8-12, 2014, pp. 436-445. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.694.7968&type=pdf
• Balduzzi, M., Wilhoit, K., & Pasta, A. (2014, December). A Security Evaluation of AIS. Trend Micro Research Paper. https://www.trendmicro.com/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-a-security-evaluation-of-ais.pdf
• Baker, R. (2021, August 16). Creating an AIS Pi for Maritime Research. wondersmith_rae blog. https://wondersmithrae.medium.com/creating-an-ais-pi-for-maritime-research-5e6f754e541c
• Baker, R. (2021, August 27). How to Install OpenCPN on Your AIS Raspberry Pi for Maritime Research. wondersmith_rae blog. https://wondersmithrae.medium.com/how-to-install-opencpn-on-your-ais-raspberry-pi-for-maritime-research-c6d3da5eb5a6
• Blanco, J. (2019, December 5). C2 Over Maritime AIS and Commercial Aggregation [video]. DEF CON 27 Hack the Sea Village. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRWh6FVIFeo
• Chen, M.-Y., & Wu, H.-T. (2023, January). An Automatic-Identification-System-Based Vessel Security System. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 19(1), 870-879. DOI: 10.1109/TII.2021.3139348
• Critchley-Marrows, J., & Verspieren, Q. (2023, July). Ensuring PNT Resilience: A Global Review of Navigation Policies and Roadmaps. Science, Technology and Innovation Governance (STIG) Education Programme, Graduate School of Public Policy, The University of Tokyo. https://rntfnd.org/wp-content/uploads/Resilient_PNT_Policy_Report_FINAL_Univ-Tokyo-and-Sydney.pdf
• Duan, Y., Huang, J., Lei, J., Kong, L., Lv, Y., Lin, Z., Chen, G., & Kha, M.K. (2023, February). AISChain: Blockchain-Based AIS Data Platform With Dynamic Bloom Filter Tree. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 24(2), 2332-2343. DOI: 10.1109/TITS.2022.3188691
• Erwin, S. (2022, August 17). Commercial Geospatial Technologies That Detect GPS Disruptions to be Tested in Military Exercises. SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/commercial-geospatial-technologies-that-detect-gps-disruptions-to-be-tested-in-military-exercises/
• Ford, J.H., Peel, D., Kroodsma, D., Hardesty, B.D., Rosebrock, U., & Wilcox, C. (2018). Detecting Suspicious Activities at Sea Based on Anomalies in Automatic Identification Systems Transmissions. PLoS ONE, 13(8), e0201640. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201640
• Goudosis, A., & Katsikas, S.K. (2019, June 14). Towards a Secure Automatic Identification System (AIS). Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 24, 410-423. DOI: 10.1007/s00773-018-0561-3
• Goudosis, A., & Katsikas, S.K. (2020, June). Secure AIS with Identity-Based Authentication and Encryption. TransNav, The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 14(2). DOI: 10.12716/1001.14.02.03
• Goudosis, A., & Katsikas, S.K. (2022, June). Secure Automatic Identification System (SecAIS): Proof-of-Concept Implementation. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(6), 805. DOI: 10.3390/jmse10060805
• Goudossis, A., Kostis, T., & Nikitakos, N. (2012). Automatic Identification System Stated Requirements for Naval Transponder Security Assurance. In A. Goudossis, T. Kostis, & N. Nikitakos (Eds.), 2nd International Conference on Applications of Mathematics and Informatics in Military Sciences (AMIMS), Vari, Greece. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Athanasios-Goudosis/publication/280573426_Automatic_Identification_System_Stated_Requirements_for_Naval_Transponder_Security_Assurance/links/5d6f6d2da6fdccf93d38830c/Automatic-Identification-System-Stated-Requirements-for-Naval-Transponder-Security-Assurance.pdf
• Goward, D. (2023, September 5). China Finishing “High-precision Ground-based Timing System” – A Worry for the United States. GPS WORLD. https://www.gpsworld.com/china-finishing-high-precision-ground-based-timing-system-a-worry-for-the-united-states/
• Gupta, B.B., Gaurav, A., Hsu, C.-H., & Jiao, B. (2021, November 15). Identity-Based Authentication Mechanism for Secure Information Sharing in the Maritime Transport System. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 1-9. DOI: 10.1109/TITS.2021.3125402
• Hall, J., Lee, J., Benin, J., Armstrong, C., & Owen, H. (2015). IEEE 1609 Influenced Automatic Identification System (AIS). 2015 IEEE 81st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Glasgow, May 11-14, 2015, pp. 1-5. DOI: 10.1109/VTCSpring.2015.7145867
• Hu, Q., Jiang, Y., Zhang, J., Sun, X., & Zhang, S. (2015, November). Development of an Automatic Identification System Autonomous Positioning System. Sensors, 15(11), 28574–28591. DOI: 10.3390/s151128574
• International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA). (2019, June). The Technical Specification of VDES, Edition 3. IALA Guideline 1139. https://www.e-navigation.nl/sites/default/files/1139-ed.3-the-technical-specification-of-vdes_june-2019.pdf
• International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA). (2020). Collection of Regional Applications for AIS Application Specific Messages of Regional Applications for AIS Binary Messages. https://www.iala-aism.org/asm/
• International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA). (2022, December 16). VHF Data Exchange System (VDES) Overview, Edition 3.0. IALA Guideline 1117. https://www.iala-aism.org/product/g1117/
• International Maritime Organization (IMO). (2010, June 2). Guidance on the Use of AIS Application-Specific Messages. SN.1/Circ. 289. http://vislab-ccom.unh.edu/~schwehr/papers/2009-Nav55-CG-AIX-Report-Annex1.pdf
• International Telecommunication Union (ITU). (2014, February). Technical Characteristics for an Automatic Identification System Using Time Division Multiple Access in the VHF Maritime Mobile Frequency Band. ITU-R Recommendation M.1371-5. M Series: Mobile, Radiodetermination, Amateur and Related Satellite Services. https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.1371-5-201402-I!!PDF-E.pdf
• International Telecommunication Union (ITU). (2019, October). Assignment and Use of Identities in the Maritime Mobile Service. ITU-R Recommendation M.585-8. M Series: Mobile, Radiodetermination, Amateur and Related Satellite Services. https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.585-8-201910-I!!PDF-E.pdf
• Iphar, C., Ray, C., & Napoli, A. (2019). Uses and Misuses of the Automatic Identification System. IEEE OCEANS Conference, Marseille, June 17-20, 2019. DOI: 10.1109/OCEANSE.2019.8867559
• Jakovlev, S., Daranda, A., Voznak, M., Lektauers, A., Eglynas, T., & Jusis, M. (2020, November 19). Analysis of the Possibility to Detect Fake Vessels in the Automatic Identification System. Proceeedings of 2020 61st International Scientific Conference on Information Technology and Management Science of Riga Technical University (ITMS), 15-16 Octiber 2020, Riga, Latvia, pp. 1-5. DOI: 10.1109/ITMS51158.2020.9259293
• Jiang, Y., Wu, J., & Zhang, S. (2018, MArch 27). An Improved Positioning Method for Two Base Stations in AIS. Sensors, 18(4), 991. DOI: 10.3390/s18040991
• Johnson, G., Dykstra, K., Ordell, S., Forster, J., & Spilsbury, J. (2022, September). An Initial Assessment of VDE-Terrestrial Channel Performance. 35th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2022), Denver, Colorado, September 2022, pp. 426-438. DOI: 10.33012/2022.18488
• Johnson, G., Dykstra, K., Ordell, S., & Swaszek, P. (2020, October). R-Mode Positioning System Demonstration. 33rd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2020), September 21-25, 2020, pp. 839-855. DOI: 10.33012/2020.17728
• Johnson, G., Swaszek, P., Alberding, J., Hoppe, M., & Oltmann, J.-H. (2014, September). The Feasibility of R-mode to Meet Resilient PNT Requirements for E-navigation. 27th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, ION GNSS 2014, Tampa, Florida. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gregory-Johnson-4/publication/289887465_The_feasibility_of_R-mode_to_meet_resilient_PNT_requirements_for_e-navigation/links/5ba011ad299bf13e6038a905/The-feasibility-of-R-mode-to-meet-resilient-PNT-requirements-for-e-navigation.pdf
• Kelly, P. (2022, September 15). A Novel Technique to Identify AIS Transmissions From Vessels Which Attempt to Obscure Their Position by Switching Their AIS Transponder From Normal Transmit Power Mode to Low Transmit Power Mode. Expert Systems with Applications, 202, 117205. DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2022.117205
• Kessler, G.C. (2020, May 1). AIS Replay and Spoofing [video]. https://www.garykessler.net/gck/AIS_replay_and_spoofing.mp4
• Kessler, G.C. (2020, June). Protected AIS: A Demonstration of Capability Scheme to Provide Authentication and Message Integrity. TransNav, The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 14(2), 279-286. DOI: 10.12716/1001.14.02.02
• Kessler, G.C. (2021, August 22). AIS Spoof of a Warship [video]. https://www.garykessler.net/gck/202108_MOSKVA_spoof.mp4
• Kessler, G.C. (2022, April 17). AIS Tools. https://www.garykessler.net/software/index.html#ais
• Kessler, G.C. (2022, December 6). AIS Research Using a Raspberry Pi (2022 Update). https://www.garykessler.net/library/ais_pi.html
• Kontopoulos, I., Spiliopoulos, G., Zissis, D., Chatzikokolakis, K., & Artikis, A. (2018, Octiber 28). Countering Real-Time Stream Poisoning: An Architecture for Detecting Vessel Spoofing in Streams of AIS Data. 2018 IEEE 16th International Conferance on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, 16th International Conferance on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, 4th International Conferance on Big Data Intelligence and Computing and Cyber Science and Technology Congress(DASC/PiCom/DataCom/CyberSciTech), Athens, Greece, August 12-15, 2018, pp. 981-986. DOI: 10.1109/DASC/PiCom/DataCom/CyberSciTec.2018.00139
• Lázaro, F., Raulefs, R., Bartz, H., & Jerkovits, T. (2021, September 12). VDES R-Mode: Vulnerability Analysis and Mitigation Concepts. International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking. DOI: 10.1002/sat.1427
• Lázaro, F., Raulefs, R., Wang, W., Clazzer, F., & Plass, S. (2018, July 20). VHF Data Exchange System (VDES): An Enabling Technology for Maritime Communications. CEAS Space Journal, 11, 55-63. DOI: 10.1007/s12567-018-0214-8
• Lee, E., Mokashi, A.J., Moon, S.Y., & Kim, G. (2019, August 24). The Maturity of Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) and Its Implications for Innovation. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 7(9), 287. DOI: 10.3390/jmse7090287
• Li, H., Jiao, H., & Yang, Z. (2023, May 29). AIS Data-Driven Ship Trajectory Prediction Modelling and Analysis Based on Machine Learning and Deep Learning Methods. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 175, 103152. DOI: 10.1016/j.tre.2023.103152
• Litts, R.E., Popescu, D.C., & Popescu, O. (2021, September 6). Authentication Protocol for Enhanced Security of the Automatic Identification System. 2021 IEEE International Black Sea Conference on Communications and Networking (BlackSeaCom), May 24-28, 2021, Bucharest, Romania. DOI: 10.1109/BlackSeaCom52164.2021.9527840
• Litts, R.E., Popescu, D.C., & Popescu, O. (2021, December). Authentication Protocol for Enhanced Security of the Automatic Identification System. Naval Engineers Journal, 133(4), 127-137. https://bt.e-ditionsbyfry.com/publication/?m=63540&i=731188&p=138&ver=html5
• Luo, D., Chen, P., Yang, J., Li, X., & Zhao, Y. (2023, August 23). A New Classification Method for Ship Trajectories Based on AIS Data. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(9),1646. DOI: 10.3390/jmse11091646
• Mazzarella, F., Vespe, M., Alessandrini, A., Tarchi, D., Aulicino, G., & Vollero, A. (2017, July 15). A Novel Anomaly Detection Approach to Identify Intentional AIS On-Off Switching. Expert Systems with Applications, 78, 110-123. DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2017.02.011
• Moltsen, L., & Pielmeier, S. (2019, September). Introduction to VDES (VHF Data Exchange System). sternula. https://www.sternula.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2019-09-What-is-VDES.pdf
• Neish, A., & Walter, T. (2020, May 20). Securing GNSS — A Trip Down Cryptography Lane. Inside GNSS. https://insidegnss.com/securing-gnss-a-trip-down-cryptography-lane/
• Oh, S.H., Seo, D., & Lee, B. (2015). S3 (Secure Ship-to-Ship) Information Sharing Scheme using Ship Authentication in the e-Navigation. International Journal of Security and Its Applications, 9(2), 97-110. DOI: 10.14257/ijsia.2015.9.2.10
• Onyango, S.O., Owiredu, S.A., Kim, K.-I., Yoo, S.-L. A. (2022, November). Quasi-Intelligent Maritime Route Extraction from AIS Data.Sensors. Sensors, 22(22), 8639. DOI: 10.3390/s22228639
• Platzer, P., & Vaujour, P.-D. (2019, June 25). AIS Spoofing and Dark-Target Detection Methodology. U.S. Patent: US 10,330,794 B2. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/a7/27/6c/955999d5be23ea/US10330794.pdf
• Ray, C., Gallen, R., Iphar; C., Napoli, A., & Bouju, A. (2015, September 21). DeAIS Project: Detection of AIS Spoofing and Resulting Risks. OCEANS 2015, Genova, Italy, May 18-21, 2015, pp. 1-6.. DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS-Genova.2015.7271729
• Ribeiro, C.V., Paes, A., & de Oliveira, D. (2023, June 1). AIS-Based Maritime Anomaly Traffic Detection: A Review. Expert Systems with Applications, 120561. DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2023.120561
• Šafář, J., Grant, A., Williams, P., & Ward, N. (2020, January). Performance Bounds for VDES R-mode. Journal of Navigation, 73(1), 92-114. DOI: 10.1017/S0373463319000559
• Šafář, J., Grant, A., & Bransby, M. (2021, September). Performance bounds for VDE-SAT R-Mode. International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking. DOI: 10.1002/sat.1429
• Satellite RF Tracking Follows the "Dark" Ships That AIS Can't See. (2022, July 26). The Maritime Executive. https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/satellite-rf-tracking-follows-the-dark-ships-that-ais-can-t-see
• Schütze, G. (2020, January 30). GPS (Part 1) - Structure, Mode of Operation, Technical and Physical Fundamentals of GPS. Marine-Pilots.com. https://www.marine-pilots.com/articles/14342-gps-part-1-structure-mode-of-operation-technical-and-physical-fundamentals-of-gps
• Schütze, G. (2020, February 26). GPS (Part 2), Physical and Technical Errors of GNSS - An Error Analysis. Marine-Pilots.com. https://www.marine-pilots.com/articles/14518-gps-part-2-physical-and-technical-errors-of-gnss-error-analysis
• Schütze, G. (2020, May 6). GPS (Part 3) - Accidental Interferences and Intended Interferences by Extern Technical Sytems. Marine-Pilots.com. https://www.marine-pilots.com/articles/17170-gps-part-3-accidental-interferences-and-intended-interferences-by-extern-technical-sytems
• Sciancalepore, S., Tedeschi, P., Aziz, A., & Di Pietro, R. (2021, March 30). Auth-AIS: Secure, Flexible, and Backward-Compatible Authentication of Vessels AIS Broadcasts. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 99. DOI: 10.1109/TDSC.2021.3069428
• Shyshkin, O. (2022, November). Cybersecurity Providing for Maritime Automatic Identification System. IEEE 41st International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO), Kyiv, Ukraine, October 10-14, 2022, pp. 736-740. DOI: 10.1109/ELNANO54667.2022.9926987
• Singh, S.K., & Heymann, F. (2020, June 8). Machine Learning-Assisted Anomaly Detection in Maritime Navigation Using AIS Data. 2020 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS), Portland, Oregon, April 20-23, 2020, pp. 832-838. DOI: 10.1109/PLANS46316.2020.9109806
• Stewart, A., Rice, E., & Safonov, P. (2018, April). Digital Authentication Strategies for the Automated Identification System. Midwest Instruction and Computing Symposium (MICS) 2018, Duluth, Minnesota, April 6-7, 2018. http://micsymposium.org/mics2018/proceedings/MICS_2018_paper_64.pdf
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About the Authors and the Book

Gary C. Kessler, Ph.D., CISSP, is President of Gary Kessler Associates, a consulting, research, and training company located in Ormond Beach, Florida. He has been in the information security and education fields for more than 40 years, and is a retired professor of cybersecurity. Gary is a Principal Consultant at Fathom5, a Non-Resident Senior Fellow at the Atlantic Council, a visiting faculty member in the Electrical Engineering & Cyber Systems Section at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, on the Board of Advisers of Cydome, and has testified before the U.S. House of Representatives about maritime cybersecurity issues. Gary has a B.A. in mathematics from Humboldt State University (California), an M.S. degree in computer science from the University of Vermont, and a Ph.D. in computing technology in education from Nova Southeastern University (Florida). His research interests focus on maritime cybersecurity, particularly related to AIS, as well as network protocols, digital forensics, and cybersecurity management and policy. Gary is Chief of the Cybersecurity Prevention Operations Division in the USCG Auxiliary, a PADI Master SCUBA Diver Trainer, and holds a USCG 50GT master merchant mariner certificate. Gary lives in Florida with his wife, Gayle.

Dr. Steven Shepard is the founder of the Shepard Communications Group in Williston, Vermont, and co-founder of the Executive Crash Course Company. A professional author, photographer, audio producer, and educator with more than 35 years of experience in the technology industry, he has written books and articles on a wide variety of topics. Steve received his undergraduate degree in Spanish and Romance Philology from the University of California at Berkeley, his master's degree in International Business from St. Mary's College, and his Ph.D. at the Da Vinci Institute in Rivonia, South Africa. He is a Senior Fellow of the Da Vinci Institute of South Africa; a Founding Director of the African Telecoms Institute; and an Emeritus member of the Board of Trustees of Champlain College. He was Resident Director of the University of Southern California's Executive Leadership and Advanced Management Programs for more than 25 years and is adjunct professor at Emory University and the Da Vinci Institute, among others. Thanks to a childhood spent in Spain, Steve is native fluent in Spanish and routinely publishes and delivers presentations in that language. He lives in Vermont with his wife Sabine, who has put up with him for more than 45 years.

The book can be purchased from Amazon in paperback (USD16.99) or Kindle (USD9.99) format.

Get more information about Gary (Amazon Author Page | Web site) and Steve (Amazon Author Page | Web site).

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© 2020-, Gary C. Kessler & Steven D. Shepard